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Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | See note at tretinoin |
Trade names | Accutane (originator), others[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a681043 |
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Routes of administration | By mouth, topical |
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Bioavailability | Variable |
Protein binding | 99.9% |
Metabolism | Hepatic |
Elimination half-life | 10–20 hours |
Excretion | Renal and fecal |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C20H28O2 |
Molar mass | 300.44 g/mol g·mol−1 |
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Isotretinoin, also known as 13-cis-retinoic acid (and colloquially referred to by its former brand name Accutane or Roaccutane), is a medication primarily used to treat severe acne. Rarely, it is also used to prevent certain skin cancers (squamous-cell carcinoma), and in the treatment of other cancers. It is used to treat harlequin-type ichthyosis, a usually lethal skin disease, and lamellar ichthyosis. It is a retinoid, meaning it is related to vitamin A, and is found in small quantities naturally in the body. Its isomer, tretinoin, is also an acne drug.
Isotretinoin is primarily used as a treatment for severe acne. The most common adverse effects are a transient worsening of acne (lasting 1–4 months), dry lips (cheilitis), dry and fragile skin, and an increased susceptibility to sunburn. Uncommon and rare side effects include muscle aches and pains (myalgias), and headaches. Isotretinoin is known to cause birth defects due to in-utero exposure because of the molecule's close resemblance to retinoic acid, a natural vitamin A derivative which controls normal embryonic development. It is also associated with psychiatric side effects, most commonly depression but also, more rarely, psychosis and unusual behaviours. Other rare side effects include hyperostosis, and premature epiphyseal closure, have been reported to be persistent.
In the United States, a special procedure is required to obtain the pharmaceutical. In most other countries, a consent form is required which explains these risks. Women taking isotretinoin must not get pregnant during and for one month after the discontinuation of isotretinoin therapy. Sexual abstinence or effective contraception is mandatory during this period. Barrier methods by themselves (e.g., condoms) are not considered adequate due to the unacceptable failure rates of approximately 3%. Women who become pregnant while taking isotretinoin therapy are generally counseled to have an abortion.
It was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1982.[2] It sold well for many years, but in 2009, Roche decided to discontinue manufacturing due to diminishing market share due to the availability of the many generic versions of the drug and in the setting of multiple lawsuits over side effects. It continues to be manufactured worldwide in 2019 as Absorica, Amnesteem, Claravis, Myorisan, Sotret, and Zenatane.[3]
- 1Medical uses
- 2Adverse effects
- 2.4Psychological effects
- 3Pharmacology
- 3.1Mechanism of action
- 5Society and culture
Medical uses[edit]
Isotretinoin is used primarily for severe cystic acne and acne that has not responded to other treatments.[4][5][6][7] Many dermatologists also support its use for treatment of lesser degrees of acne that prove resistant to other treatments, or that produce physical or psychological scarring.[8] Isotretinoin is not indicated for treatment of prepubertal acne and is not recommended in children less than 12 years of age.[9]
It is also somewhat effective for hidradenitis suppurativa and some cases of severe rosacea.[10] It can also be used to help treat harlequin ichthyosis, lamellar ichthyosis and is used in xeroderma pigmentosum cases to relieve keratoses. Isotretinoin has been used to treat the extremely rare condition fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. It is also used for treatment of neuroblastoma, a form of nerve cancer.
Isotretinoin therapy has furthermore proven effective against genital warts in experimental use, but is rarely used for this indication as there are more effective treatments. Isotretinoin may represent an efficacious and safe alternative systemic form of therapy for recalcitrant condylomata acuminata (RCA) of the cervix. In most countries this therapy is currently unapproved and only used if other therapies failed.[11][12]
Prescribing restrictions[edit]
Isotretinoin is a teratogen; there is about a 20–35% risk for congenital defects in infants exposed to the drug in utero, and about 30–60% of children exposed to isotretinoin prenatally have been reported to show neurocognitive impairment.[13] Because of this, there are strict controls on prescribing isotretinoin to women who may become pregnant and women who become pregnant while taking isotretinoin are strongly advised to terminate their pregnancies.[13]
In most countries, isotretinoin can only be prescribed by dermatologists or specialist physicians; some countries also allow limited prescription by general practitioners and family doctors. In the United Kingdom[14] and Australia,[15][16] isotretinoin may be prescribed only by or under the supervision of a consultant dermatologist. Because severe cystic acne has the potential to cause permanent scarring over a short period, restrictions on its more immediate availability have proved contentious.[17] In New Zealand, isotretinoin can be prescribed by any doctor but subsidised only when prescribed by a vocationally-registered general practitioner, dermatologist or nurse practitioner.[18]
In the United States, since March 2006 the dispensing of isotretinoin is run through a website called iPLEDGE. The FDA required the companies marketing the drug in the US, which at the time that iPLEDGE was launched were Roche, Mylan, Barr, and Ranbaxy, to put this website in place as a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy. These companies formed a group called the Isotretinoin Products Manufacturing Group, and it hired Covance to run the website.[19][20] Prescribers, pharmacists, and all people to whom the drug is prescribed need to register on the site and log information into it. Women with child-bearing potential must commit to using two forms of effective contraception simultaneously for the duration of isotretinoin therapy and for a month immediately preceding and a month immediately following therapy. Additionally they must have two negative pregnancy tests 30 days apart and have negative pregnancy tests before each prescription is written.[21][22]
Adverse effects[edit]
Increasingly higher dosages will result in higher toxicity, resembling vitamin A toxicity. Adverse effects include:[23]
Type of disorders | Very common (≥ 1/10) | Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10) | Rare (≥ 1/10 000,< 1/1000) | Very rare (≤ 1/10 000) | Unknown Frequency |
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Investigation[clarification needed] |
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Possible permanent effects[edit]
Isotretinoin may stop long bone growth in young people who are still growing.[7] Premature epiphyseal closure can occur in people with acne receiving recommended doses[24] of Accutane.[25][26][27]
Generally though, premature epiphyseal closure seems to be primarily related to:
- high doses of isotretinoin beyond the recommended dose of 1mg/kg/day
- long duration beyond the usual course of what is required for an acne patient for treatment (usually 5-7 months)
- early onset of treatment (young teenage age 12-14 or younger)[28]
Isotretinoin is known to cause meibomian gland dysfunction which causes persistent keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye).[29] Problems with the meibomian and salivary glands are likely due to the non-selectiveapoptosis of the cells of the exocrine glands.[30] Decreased night vision has been reported to persist in some people after discontinuation of isotretinoin therapy.[31]
Skin[edit]
The most common side effects are mucocutaneous: dry lips, skin and nose. Other common mucocutaneous side effects are inflammation and chapping of the lips (cheilitis), redness of the skin (erythema), rashes, peeling, eczema (dermatitis), itching (pruritus) and nose bleeds (epistaxis).[32] Absence of dryness of the lips is considered an indication of non-compliance with treatment (not taking the drug as advised), as it occurs in almost all people who take it.[32]
Regular use of lip balm and moisturizer is recommended throughout a course of treatment to reduce these problems. The dose may need to be decreased to reduce the severity of these side effects.[33] The skin becomes more fragile—especially to frictional forces—and may not heal as quickly as normal. Wound healing is delayed. For this reason elective surgery, waxing of hair, tattooing, tattoo removal, piercings, dermabrasion, exfoliation, etc., are not recommended. Treatment of acne scars is generally deferred until 12 months after completion of a course of isotretinoin.
Acne usually flares up 2–3 weeks into the treatment and is usually mild and tolerable. Occasionally this flare-up is severe, necessitating oral antiobiotics such as erythromycin. A short course of oral prednisolone may be required. Some dermatologists favour a few weeks of pre-treatment with oral antibiotics before commencing isotretinoin to reduce the chance of a severe flare. A 'stepped' course may also be used to reduce the chance of this initial flare, by which the initial dose is low (e.g. 0.5 mg/kg) and subsequently increased throughout the course.
Isotretinoin use can rarely lead to a more severe form of acne, acne fulminans.
Teratogenicity[edit]
Isotretinoin is a teratogen highly likely to cause birth defects if taken by women during pregnancy or even a short time before conception. A few of the more common birth defects this drug can cause are hearing and visual impairment, missing or malformed earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and abnormalities in brain function. Isotretinoin is classified as FDAPregnancy Category X and ADEC Category X, and use is contraindicated in pregnancy.[10]
The manufacturer recommends pregnancy be ruled out two weeks prior to commencement of isotretinoin, and women should use two simultaneous forms of effective contraception at least one month prior to commencement, during, and for at least one month following isotretinoin therapy.[34]
In the U.S., around 2000 women became pregnant while taking the drug between 1982 and 2000, with most pregnancies ending in abortion or miscarriage. About 160 babies with birth defects were born. After the FDA put the more strict iPLEDGE program in place for the companies marketing the drug in the US, in 2011, 155 pregnancies occurred among 129,544 women of childbearing potential taking isotrentinoin (0.12%).[35]
People taking isotretinoin are not permitted to donate blood during and for at least one month after discontinuation of therapy due to its teratogenicity.[36]
Psychological effects[edit]
Rare psychological side effects may include depression, worsening of pre-existing depression, aggressive tendencies, irritable mood and anxiety. Very rare effects include abnormal behaviour, psychosis, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and suicide.[6][37][38][39] In a total of 5577 adverse reactions reported to the UK's MHRA up to 31 March 2017, the plurality (1207, or 22%) concerned psychiatric effects.[40] There were 85 reports of suicidal ideation, 56 of completed suicide and 43 of suicide attempts.[40]
The association between isotretinoin use and psychopathology has been controversial. Beginning in 1983, isolated case reports emerged suggesting mood change, particularly depression, occurring during or soon after isotretinoin use.[41] A number of studies have been conducted since then of the drug's effect on depression, psychosis, suicidal thoughts and other psychological effects.[41]
Depression and suicidality[edit]
Isotretinoin is the only non-psychiatric drug on the FDA's top 10 list of drugs associated with depression[38][42] and is also within the top 10 for suicide attempts.[43] A black box warning for suicide, depression and psychosis has been present on isotretinoin's packaging in the United States since 2005.[42]
In 2012, a systematic review covering all articles in the literature related to isotretinoin, depression and suicide, as well as articles related to class effect, dose response, and biologic plausibility found that the literature reviewed was consistent with an association of isotretinoin administration and depression and with suicide in a subgroup of vulnerable individuals.[37] Following this systematic review, in a 2014 review a group of Australian dermatologists and psychiatrists collaborated on a set of recommendations for safe prescribing of isotretinoin.[44] However, whether isotretinoin use is causally associated with mental illness remains controversial.[44]
Evidence for depression being causally associated with isotretinoin use includes 41 reports of positive challenge/dechallenge/rechallenge with isotretinoin, involving administering isotretinoin, withdrawing the drug and then re-administering it.[37] The majority of these cases had no psychiatric history.[37] There is also a temporal relationship between development of depression and initiation of isotretinoin treatment, with most cases developing after 1–2 months of treatment.[37] Further, higher doses of isotretinoin increases the risk of developing depression, with 25% of people showing depression on a dose of 3 mg/kg/day as compared with 3–4% at normal doses.[37] Studies have uncovered several biological processes which may credibly explain the affective changes induced by isotretinoin.
Psychosis[edit]
Isotretinoin has also been linked to psychosis.[23] Many of the side effects of isotretinoin mimic hypervitaminosis A, which has been associated with psychotic symptoms.[37] The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and psychosis suggests that an increase in dopaminergic stimulation or sensitivity in the limbic system causes psychotic symptoms.[45]
It has been suggested that dysregulation of retinoid receptors by retinoids such as isotretinoin may cause schizophrenia.[46][47] The evidence for this is threefold - Transcriptional activation of the dopamine D2 receptor, in addition to serotonin and glutamate receptors, is regulated by retinoic acid,[46] schizophrenia and the retinoid cascade have been linked to the same gene loci[46] and retinoid dysfunction causes congenital anomalies identical to those observed in people with schizophrenia.[46] Further, the expression of dopamine receptors has indeed been shown to be regulated by retinoic acid.[48][49]
Musculoskeletal[edit]
Isotretinoin has a number of muscoloskeletal effects. Myalgia (muscular pain) and arthralgia (joint pain) are rare side effects.[32]Retinoids, such as high dose etretinate, are well known to cause bone changes, the most common type of which is hyperostotic changes (excessive bone growth), especially in growing children and adolescents.[32] Other problems include premature epiphyseal closure and calcification of tendons and ligaments.[32] The bones of the spine and feet are most commonly affected. Risk factors for skeletal effects include older age, greater dosage and longer course of treatment. Most bone changes cause no symptoms and may only be noticed using X-ray imaging.[32]
Gastrointestinal[edit]
Isotretinoin may cause non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain.[32] The drug is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—ulcerative colitis, but not Crohn's disease.[50] There are also reports of people developing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and worsening of existing IBS.[51]
Eyes[edit]
Isotretinoin and other retinoids are well known to affect the eyes. Dry eyes are very common during treatment and is caused by isotretinoin's apoptotic effect on the meibomian glands. Some people develop contact lens intolerance as a result.[32] In some people, these changes are long-lasting or irreversible and represent Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD).[29] Other common effects on the eyes include inflammation of the eyelid (blepharitis), red eye caused by conjunctivitis and irritation of the eye. More rare ocular side effects include blurred vision, decreased night vision (which may be permanent), colour blindness, development of corneal opacities, inflammation of the cornea (keratitis), swelling of the optic disk (papilloedema, associated with IIH), photophobia and other visual disturbances.[6]
Sexual[edit]
Isotretinoin is also associated with sexual side effects, namely erectile dysfunction and reduced libido.[23] In October 2017, the UK MHRA issued a Drug Safety Update to physicians in response to reports of these problems.[52] This was in response to an EU review, published in August 2017, which states that a plausible physiological explanation of these side effects 'may be a reduction in plasma testosterone'.[9] The review also stated that 'the product information should be updated to include ‘sexual dysfunction including erectile dysfunction and decreased libido’ as an undesirable effect with an unknown frequency'.[53] There have also been reports of spermatogenesis disorders, such as oligospermia. 27 cases of sexual dysfunction report either negative dechallenge or positive dechallenge.[clarification needed][9]
Pharmacology[edit]
Mechanism of action[edit]
Isotretinoin's exact mechanism of action is unknown, but several studies have shown that isotretinoin induces apoptosis (programmatic cell death) in various cells in the body. Cell death may be instigated in the meibomian glands,[30][54]hypothalamic cells,[55]hippocampus cells[56][57] and—important for treatment of acne—in sebaceous gland cells.[58][59] Isotretinoin has a low affinity for retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR), but may be converted intracellularly to metabolites that act as agonists of RAR and RXR nuclear receptors.[5]
One study suggests the drug amplifies production of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the skin, which has been shown to reduce sebum production by inducing apoptosis in sebaceous gland cells, while exhibiting an antimicrobial effect on Cutibacterium acnes.[60][61][62] The drug decreases the size and sebum output of the sebaceous glands.[63] Isotretinoin is the only available acne drug that affects all four major pathogenic processes in acne, which distinguishes it from alternative treatments (such as antibiotics) and accounts for its efficacy in severe, nodulocystic cases.[64] The effect of Isotretinoin on sebum production can be temporary,[7] or remission of the disease can be 'complete and prolonged.'[63][65][66]
Isotretinoin has been speculated to down-regulate the enzyme telomerase and hTERT, inhibiting 'cellular immortalization and tumorigenesis.'[67] In a 2007 study, Isotretinoin was proven to inhibit the action of the metalloprotease MMP-9 (gelatinase) in sebum without any influence in the action of TIMP1 and TIMP2 (the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases).[68] It is already known that metalloproteases play an important role in the pathogenesis of acne.[69]
CNS activities[edit]
A possible biological basis for the case reports of depression involves decreased metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of the frontal lobe.[37] It has also been found that decreased OFC metabolism was correlated with headaches.[37] People reporting headache as a side effect often report comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially depression; a statistically significant relationship between headache and depression has been established.[70] It is suggested that people sensitive to isotretinoin-induced CNS effects may also be susceptible to other psychiatric side effects such as depression.[37]
Studies in mice and rats have found that retinoids, including isotretinoin, bind to dopaminergic receptors in the central nervous system.[38][71][72] Isotretinoin may affect dopaminergic neurotransmission by disrupting the structure of dopamine receptors and decreasing dopaminergic activity.[39] The dopaminergic system is implicated in numerous psychological disorders, including depression. Isotretinoin is also thought to affect the serotonergic system - it increases expression of 5-HT1A receptors in the pre-synaptic neuron, which inhibit serotonin secretion.[39] Isotretinoin also directly and indirectly increases the translation of the serotonin transporter protein (SERT), leading to increased reuptake and consequently reduced synaptic availability of serotonin.[39]
Inhibition of hippocampalneurogenesis may also play a role in the development of isotretinoin-induced depression.[37] A further effect of isotretinoin on the brain involves retinoic acid function in the hypothalamus, the hormone regulatory centre of the brain and part of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, a key part of the body's stress response.[37] Other brain regions regulated by retinoic acid and potentially disrupted by isotretinoin include the frontal cortex and the striatum.[37]
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics[edit]
Oral Isotretinoin is best absorbed when taken with a high-fat meal, because it has a high level of lipophilicity.[73] The efficacy of isotretinoin doubles when taken after a high-fat meal compared to when taken without food.[74] Due to Isotretinoin's molecular relationship to Vitamin A, it should not be taken with Vitamin A supplements due to the danger of toxicity through cumulative overdosing.[75] Accutane also negatively interacts with tetracycline, another class of acne drug, and with micro-dosed ('mini-pill') progesterone preparations, norethisterone/ethinylestradiol ('OrthoNovum 7/7/7'), St. John's Wort, phenytoin, and systemic corticosteroids.
Isotretinoin is primarily (99.9%) bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin. Three metabolites of Isotretinoin are detectable in human plasma after oral administration: 4-oxo-isotretinoin, retinoid acid (tretinoin), and 4-oxo-retinoic acid (4-oxo-tretinoin). Isotretinoin also oxidizes, irreversibly, to 4-oxo-isotretinoin—which forms its geometric isomer 4-oxo-tretinoin. After an orally-administered, 80 mg dose of liquid suspension 14C-isotretinoin, 14C-activity in blood declines with a half-life of 90 hours.[73] The metabolites of isotretinoin and its conjugates are then excreted in the subject's urine and faeces in relatively equal amounts.[73] After a single, 80 mg oral dose of Isotretinoin to 74 healthy adult subjects under fed conditions, the mean ±SD elimination half-life (t1/2) of isotretinoin and 4-oxo-isotretinoin were 21.0 ± 8.2 hours and 24.0 ± 5.3 hours, respectively.[73] After both single and multiple doses, the observed accumulation ratios of isotretinoin ranged from 0.90 to 5.43 in people with cystic acne.[73]
History[edit]
The compound 13-cis retinoic acid was first studied in the 1960s at Roche Laboratories in Switzerland by Werner Bollag as a treatment for skin cancer. Experiments completed in 1971 showed that the compound was likely to be ineffective for cancer and, surprisingly, that it could be useful to treat acne. However, they also showed that the compound was likely to cause birth defects, so in light of the events around thalidomide, Roche abandoned the product. In 1975, Gary Peck and Frank Yoder independently rediscovered the drug's use as a treatment of cystic acne while studying it as a treatment for lamellar ichthyosis, and published that work. Roche resumed work on the drug. In clinical trials, subjects were carefully screened to avoid including women who were or might become pregnant. Roche's New Drug Application for isotretinoin for the treatment of acne included data showing that the drug caused birth defects in rabbits. The FDA approved the application in 1982.
Scientists involved in the clinical trials published articles warning of birth defects at the same time the drug was launched in the US, but nonetheless isotretinoin was taken up quickly and widely, both among dermatologists and general practitioners. Cases of birth defects showed up in the first year, leading the FDA to begin publishing case reports and to Roche sending warning letters to doctors and placing warning stickers on drug bottles, and including stronger warnings on the label. Lawsuits against Roche started to be filed. In 1983 the FDA's advisory committee was convened and recommended stronger measures, which the FDA took and were that time unprecedented: warning blood banks not to accept blood from people taking the drug, and adding a warning to the label advising women to start taking contraceptives a month before starting the drug. However use of the drug continued to grow, as did the number of babies born with birth defects. In 1985 the label was updated to include a boxed warning. In early 1988 the FDA called for another advisory committee, and FDA employees prepared an internal memo estimating that around 1,000 babies had been born with birth defects due to isotretinoin, that up to around 1,000 miscarriages had been caused, and that between 5,000 and 7,000 women had had abortions due to isotretinoin. The memo was leaked to the New York Times[76] a few days before the meeting, leading to a storm of media attention. In the committee meeting, dermatologists and Roche each argued to keep the drug on the market but to increase education efforts; pediatricians and the CDC argued to withdraw the drug from the market. The committee recommended to restrict physicians who could prescribe the drug and to require a second opinion before it could be prescribed. The FDA, believing it did not have authority under the law to restrict who had the right to prescribe the drug, kept the drug on the market but took further unprecedented measures: it required to Roche to make warnings yet more visible and graphic, provide doctors with informed consent forms to be used when prescribing the drug, and to conduct follow up studies to test whether the measures were reducing exposure of pregnant women to the drug. Roche implemented those measures, and offered to pay for contraception counseling and pregnancy testing for women prescribed the drug - the program was called the 'Pregnancy Prevention Program'.
A CDC report published in 2000[77] showed problems with the Pregnancy Prevention Program and showed that the increase in prescriptions was from off-label use, and prompted Roche to revamp its program, renaming it the 'Targeted Pregnancy Prevention Program' and adding label changes like requirements for two pregnancy tests, two kinds of contraception, and for doctors to provide pharmacists with prescriptions directly; providing additional educational materials, and providing free pregnancy tests. The FDA had another advisory meeting in late 2000 that again debated how to prevent pregnant women from being exposed to the drug; dermatologists testified about the remarkable efficacy of the drug, the psychological impact of acne, and demanded autonomy to prescribe the drug; others argued that the drug be withdrawn or much stricter measures be taken. In 2001 the FDA announced a new regulatory scheme called SMART (the System to Manage Accutane Related Teratogenicity) that required Roche to provide defined training materials to doctors, and for doctors to sign and return a letter to Roche acknowledging that they had reviewed the training materials, for Roche to then send stickers to doctors, which doctors would have to place on prescriptions they give people after they have confirmed a negative pregnancy test; prescriptions could only be written for 30 days and could not be renewed, thus requiring a new pregnancy test for each prescription.[citation needed]
In February 2002, Roche's patents for isotretinoin expired, and there are now many other companies selling cheaper generic versions of the drug. On June 29, 2009, Roche Pharmaceuticals, the original creator and distributor of isotretinoin, officially discontinued both the manufacture and distribution of their Accutane brand in the United States due to what the company described as business reasons related to low market share (below 5%), coupled with the high cost of defending personal-injury lawsuits brought by some people who took the drug.[78] Generic isotretinoin will remain available in the United States through various manufacturers. Roche USA continues to defend Accutane and claims to have treated over 13 million people since its introduction in 1982. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. apparently will continue to manufacture and distribute Roaccutane outside of the United States.[79]
Among others, actor James Marshall sued Roche over allegedly Accutane-related disease that resulted in removal of his colon.[80] The jury, however, decided that James Marshall had a pre-existing bowel disease.[81]
Several trials over inflammatory bowel disease claims have been held in the United States thus far, with many of them resulting in multimillion-dollar judgments against the makers of isotretinoin.[82]
Society and culture[edit]
Brands[edit]
As of 2017 isotretinoin was marketed under many brand names worldwide: A-Cnotren, Absorica, Accuran, Accutane, Accutin, Acne Free, Acnecutan, Acnegen, Acnemin, Acneone, Acneral, Acnestar, Acnetane, Acnetin A, Acnetrait, Acnetrex, Acnogen, Acnotin, Acnotren, Acretin, Actaven, Acugen, Acutret, Acutrex, Ai Si Jie, Aisoskin, Aknal, Aknefug Iso, Aknenormin, Aknesil, Aknetrent, Amnesteem, Atlacne, Atretin, Axotret, Casius, Ciscutan, Claravis, Contracné, Curacne, Curacné, Curakne, Curatane, Cuticilin, Decutan, Dercutane, Effederm, Epuris, Eudyna, Farmacne, Flexresan, Flitrion, I-Ret, Inerta, Inflader, Inotrin, Isac, Isdiben, Isoacne, Isobest, Isocural, Isoderm, Isoface, IsoGalen, Isogeril, Isolve, Isoprotil, Isoriac, Isosupra, Isosupra Lidose, Isotane, Isotina, Isotinon, Isotren, Isotret, Isotretinoin, Isotretinoina, Isotretinoína, Isotretinoine, Isotretinoïne, Isotrétinoïne, Isotretinoinum, Isotrex, Isotrin, Isotroin, Izotek, Izotziaja, Lisacne, Locatret, Mayesta, Myorisan, Neotrex, Netlook, Nimegen, Noitron, Noroseptan, Novacne, Oralne, Oraret, Oratane, Piplex, Policano, Procuta, Reducar, Retin A, Roaccutan, Roaccutane, Roacnetan, Roacta, Roacutan, Rocne, Rocta, Sotret, Stiefotrex, Tai Er Si, Teweisi, Tretin, Tretinac, Tretinex, Tretiva, Tufacne, Zenatane, Zerocutan, Zonatian ME, and Zoretanin.[1]
As of 2017 it was marketed as a topical combination drug with erythromycin under the brand names Isotrex Eritromicina, Isotrexin, and Munderm.[1]
Research[edit]
While excessive bone growth has been raised a possible side effect, a 2006 review found little evidence for this.[83]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abc'Isotretinoin international brands'. Drugs.com. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
- ^Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 476. ISBN9783527607495.
- ^https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/isotretinoin-oral-route/description/drg-20068178
- ^Merritt B, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS (June 2009). 'Use of isotretinoin for acne vulgaris'. Pediatric Annals. 38 (6): 311–20. doi:10.3928/00904481-20090512-01. PMID19588674.
- ^ abLayton A (May 2009). 'The use of isotretinoin in acne'. Dermato-Endocrinology. 1 (3): 162–9. doi:10.4161/derm.1.3.9364. PMC2835909. PMID20436884.
- ^ abc'Roaccutane 20mg Soft Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics'. UK Electronic Medicines Compendium. 1 July 2015.
- ^ abcUS Label(PDF) (Report). FDA. 22 October 2010 [January 2010]. Retrieved 1 June 2017. See FDA Index page for NDA 018662 for updates
- ^Strauss JS, Krowchuk DP, Leyden JJ, Lucky AW, Shalita AR, Siegfried EC, Thiboutot DM, Van Voorhees AS, Beutner KA, Sieck CK, Bhushan R (April 2007). 'Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management'. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 56 (4): 651–63. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.048. PMID17276540.
- ^ abcd'Isotretinoin (oral formulations): CMDH scientific conclusions – Scientific conclusions and grounds for the variation to the terms of the Marketing Authorisation(s)'(PDF). European Medicines Agency. August 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
- ^ abKlasco RK, editor. Drugdex system, vol. 128. Greenwood Village (CO): Thomson Micromedex; 2006.[page needed]
- ^Georgala S, Katoulis AC, Georgala C, Bozi E, Mortakis A (June 2004). 'Oral isotretinoin in the treatment of recalcitrant condylomata acuminata of the cervix: a randomised placebo controlled trial'. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 80 (3): 216–8. doi:10.1136/sti.2003.006841. PMC1744851. PMID15170007.
- ^Sehgal VN, Srivastava G, Sardana K (June 2006). 'Isotretinoin--unapproved indications/uses and dosage: a physician's reference'. International Journal of Dermatology. 45 (6): 772–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02830.x. PMID16796650.
- ^ abChoi JS, Koren G, Nulman I. Pregnancy and isotretinoin therapy. CMAJ. 2013 March 19;185(5):411-3. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120729. PMID23296582. PMC 3602257
- ^Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. 47th ed. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. ISBN0-85369-584-9[page needed]
- ^'Fresh call for GPs to prescribe Roaccutane'. AustralianDoctor. 19 June 2012.
- ^Specifically, doctors who are fellows of the Australasian College of Dermatologists (FACD); cf. Pharmaceutical Services Branch, Guide to poisons and therapeutic goods legislation for medical practitioners and dentists, Sydney: NSW Department of Health; 2006.[page needed]
- ^James M (June 1996). 'Isotretinoin for severe acne'. Lancet. 347 (9017): 1749–50. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90814-4. PMID8656912.
- ^'Acne, Isotretinoin, and Depression'. MEDSAFE (New Zealand Ministry of Health). June 2013 [June 2005]. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^'iPLEDGE: A Report from the Front Lines of Dermatologic Practice'. AMA Journal of Ethics. 8 (8): 524–528. 1 August 2006. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.8.pfor1-0608. ISSN1937-7010.
- ^Darves, Bonnie (March 9, 2006). 'Dermatologists Frustrated With Problematic iPledge Program'. Medscape.
- ^'iPledge (About iPledge)'.
- ^'Isotretinoin (marketed as Accutane) Capsule Information'. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
- ^ abc'Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)'. www.medicines.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ^'Isotretinoin 20mg capsules - - (eMC)'. www.medicines.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
- ^David M, Hodak E, Lowe NJ (1988). 'Adverse effects of retinoids'. Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience. 3 (4): 273–88. doi:10.1007/bf03259940. PMID3054426.
- ^DiGiovanna JJ (November 2001). 'Isotretinoin effects on bone'. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 45 (5): S176–82. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.113721. PMID11606950.
- ^Ellis CN, Madison KC, Pennes DR, Martel W, Voorhees JJ (1984). 'Isotretinoin therapy is associated with early skeletal radiographic changes'. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 10 (6): 1024–9. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80329-1. PMID6588057.
- ^'Isotretinoin risks in acne treatment: Page 3 of 4'.
- ^ abMoy A, McNamara NA, Lin MC (September 2015). 'Effects of Isotretinoin on Meibomian Glands'. Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (9): 925–30. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000656. PMID26154692.
- ^ abLambert RW, Smith RE (March 1989). 'Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the hamster meibomian gland'. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 92 (3): 321–5. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277122. PMID2918239.
- ^Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW, Edwards R (September 2001). 'Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage'. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 132 (3): 299–305. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01024-8. PMID11530040.
- ^ abcdefghBrelsford M, Beute TC (September 2008). 'Preventing and managing the side effects of isotretinoin'. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 27 (3): 197–206. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2008.07.002. PMID18786498.
- ^Scheinfeld N, Bangalore S (May 2006). 'Facial edema induced by isotretinoin use: a case and a review of the side effects of isotretinoin'. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 5 (5): 467–8. PMID16703787.
- ^Roche Products Pty Ltd. Roaccutane (Australian Approved Product Information). Dee Why (NSW): Roche; 2005.[page needed]
- ^Leyden JJ, Del Rosso JQ, Baum EW (February 2014). 'The use of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris: clinical considerations and future directions'. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology. 7 (2 Suppl): S3–S21. PMC3970835. PMID24688620.
- ^BNF, edition 57[page needed]
- ^ abcdefghijklmBremner JD, Shearer KD, McCaffery PJ (January 2012). 'Retinoic acid and affective disorders: the evidence for an association'. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (Systematic Review). 73 (1): 37–50. doi:10.4088/JCP.10r05993. PMC3276716. PMID21903028.
- ^ abcKontaxakis VP, Skourides D, Ferentinos P, Havaki-Kontaxaki BJ, Papadimitriou GN (January 2009). 'Isotretinoin and psychopathology: a review'. Annals of General Psychiatry. 8: 2. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-8-2. PMC2637283. PMID19154613.
- ^ abcdBorovaya A, Olisova O, Ruzicka T, Sárdy M (September 2013). 'Does isotretinoin therapy of acne cure or cause depression?'. International Journal of Dermatology. 52 (9): 1040–52. doi:10.1111/ijd.12169. PMID23962262.
- ^ ab'Interactive Drug Analysis Profile - Isotretinoin'. mhra.gov.uk. Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. 31 March 2017.
- ^ abGoodfield MJ, Cox NH, Bowser A, McMillan JC, Millard LG, Simpson NB, Ormerod AD (June 2010). 'Advice on the safe introduction and continued use of isotretinoin in acne in the U.K. 2010'. The British Journal of Dermatology. 162 (6): 1172–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09836.x. PMID21250961.
- ^ abLudot M, Mouchabac S, Ferreri F (June 2015). 'Inter-relationships between isotretinoin treatment and psychiatric disorders: Depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, psychosis and suicide risks'. World Journal of Psychiatry. 5 (2): 222–7. doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.222. PMC4473493. PMID26110123.
- ^Wysowski DK, Pitts M, Beitz J (October 2001). 'An analysis of reports of depression and suicide in patients treated with isotretinoin'. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 45 (4): 515–9. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.117730. PMID11568740.
- ^ abRowe C, Spelman L, Oziemski M, Ryan A, Manoharan S, Wilson P, Daubney M, Scott J (May 2014). 'Isotretinoin and mental health in adolescents: Australian consensus'. The Australasian Journal of Dermatology (Review). 55 (2): 162–7. doi:10.1111/ajd.12117. PMID24283385.
- ^Palha JA, Goodman AB (June 2006). 'Thyroid hormones and retinoids: a possible link between genes and environment in schizophrenia'. Brain Research Reviews. 51 (1): 61–71. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.10.001. hdl:1822/3943. PMID16325258.
- ^ abcdGoodman AB (March 1994). 'Retinoid dysregulation as a cause of schizophrenia'. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (3): 452–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.3.452b. PMID8109664.
- ^Goodman AB (May 1996). 'Congenital anomalies in relatives of schizophrenic probands may indicate a retinoid pathology'. Schizophrenia Research. 19 (2–3): 163–70. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(96)88523-9. PMID8789914.
- ^Goodman AB (July 2005). 'Microarray results suggest altered transport and lowered synthesis of retinoic acid in schizophrenia'. Molecular Psychiatry. 10 (7): 620–1. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001668. PMID15838536.
- ^Samad TA, Krezel W, Chambon P, Borrelli E (December 1997). 'Regulation of dopaminergic pathways by retinoids: activation of the D2 receptor promoter by members of the retinoic acid receptor-retinoid X receptor family'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (26): 14349–54. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9414349S. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14349. PMC24972. PMID9405615.
- ^Crockett SD, Porter CQ, Martin CF, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD (September 2010). 'Isotretinoin use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study'. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 105 (9): 1986–93. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.124. PMC3073620. PMID20354506.
- ^Lowenstein EB, Lowenstein EJ (2011). 'Isotretinoin systemic therapy and the shadow cast upon dermatology's downtrodden hero'. Clinics in Dermatology. 29 (6): 652–61. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.08.026. PMID22014987.
- ^'Drug Safety Update – Latest advice for medicines users – October 2017'(PDF). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
- ^'Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) – Minutes for the meeting on 3–6 July 2017'(PDF). European Medicines Agency. 1 September 2017. p. 44. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
- ^Kremer I, Gaton DD, David M, Gaton E, Shapiro A (1994). 'Toxic effects of systemic retinoids on meibomian glands'. Ophthalmic Research. 26 (2): 124–8. doi:10.1159/000267402. PMID8196934.
- ^Griffin JN, Pinali D, Olds K, Lu N, Appleby L, Doan L, Lane MA (November 2010). '13-Cis-retinoic acid decreases hypothalamic cell number in vitro'. Neuroscience Research. 68 (3): 185–90. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.08.003. PMID20708044.
- ^Crandall J, Sakai Y, Zhang J, Koul O, Mineur Y, Crusio WE, McCaffery P (April 2004). '13-cis-retinoic acid suppresses hippocampal cell division and hippocampal-dependent learning in mice'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (14): 5111–6. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.5111C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0306336101. JSTOR3371827. PMC387382. PMID15051884.
- ^Sakai Y, Crandall JE, Brodsky J, McCaffery P (June 2004). '13-cis Retinoic acid (accutane) suppresses hippocampal cell survival in mice'. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1021 (1): 436–40. Bibcode:2004NYASA1021..436S. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.059. PMID15251924.
- ^Nelson AM, Cong Z, Gilliland KL, Thiboutot DM (September 2011). 'TRAIL contributes to the apoptotic effect of 13-cis retinoic acid in human sebaceous gland cells'. The British Journal of Dermatology. 165 (3): 526–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10392.x. PMC3166444. PMID21564055.
- ^Nelson AM, Gilliland KL, Cong Z, Thiboutot DM (October 2006). '13-cis Retinoic acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human SEB-1 sebocytes'. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 126 (10): 2178–89. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700289. PMID16575387.
- ^Wachter K (2009). 'Isotretinoin's Mechanism of Action Explored'. Skin & Allergy News. 40 (11): 32. doi:10.1016/S0037-6337(09)70553-4.
- ^Isotretinoin’s Mechanism of Action ElucidatedArchived 2010-04-04 at the Wayback Machine. Medconnect (2009-08-28). Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
- ^Nelson AM, Zhao W, Gilliland KL, Zaenglein AL, Liu W, Thiboutot DM (April 2008). 'Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mediates 13-cis retinoic acid-induced apoptosis of human sebaceous gland cells'. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (4): 1468–78. doi:10.1172/JCI33869. PMC2262030. PMID18317594.
- ^ abPeck GL, Olsen TG, Yoder FW, Strauss JS, Downing DT, Pandya M, Butkus D, Arnaud-Battandier J (February 1979). 'Prolonged remissions of cystic and conglobate acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid'. The New England Journal of Medicine. 300 (7): 329–33. doi:10.1056/NEJM197902153000701. PMID153472.
- ^Shalita A (2001). 'The integral role of topical and oral retinoids in the early treatment of acne'. European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (JEADV). 15: 47. doi:10.1046/j.0926-9959.2001.00012.x.
- ^[unreliable medical source?]Farrell LN, Strauss JS, Stranieri AM (December 1980). 'The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Evaluation of sebum production and the clinical response in a multiple-dose trial'. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 3 (6): 602–11. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80074-0. PMID6451637.
- ^[unreliable medical source?]Jones H, Blanc D, Cunliffe WJ (November 1980). '13-cis retinoic acid and acne'. Lancet. 2 (8203): 1048–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92273-4. PMID6107678.
- ^Pendino F, Flexor M, Delhommeau F, Buet D, Lanotte M, Segal-Bendirdjian E (June 2001). 'Retinoids down-regulate telomerase and telomere length in a pathway distinct from leukemia cell differentiation'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (12): 6662–7. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6662P. doi:10.1073/pnas.111464998. JSTOR3055868. PMC34517. PMID11371621.
- ^Φαχαντίδης, Παναγιώτης Ε. (2007). Η επίδραση της ισοτρετινοϊνης και των αναστολέων της 5α-αναγωγάσης στις μεταλλοπρωτεάσες του συνδετικού ιστού σε ασθενείς με ακμή [The influence of isotretinoin and 5-a reductase inhibitors in metaloproteases of connective tissue in patients with ance] (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.[unreliable medical source?]
- ^Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M (June 2002). 'Sebaceous glands in acne patients express high levels of neutral endopeptidase'. Experimental Dermatology. 11 (3): 241–7. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.110307.x. PMID12102663.
- ^Wysowski DK, Swartz L (May 2005). 'Relationship between headache and depression in users of isotretinoin'. Archives of Dermatology. 141 (5): 640–1. doi:10.1001/archderm.141.5.640. PMID15897395.
- ^Magin P, Pond D, Smith W (February 2005). 'Isotretinoin, depression and suicide: a review of the evidence'. The British Journal of General Practice. 55 (511): 134–8. PMC1463189. PMID15720936.
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- ^Shari Roan (7 November 2009). 'New study may deal final blow to acne drug Accutane'. LA Times.
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External links[edit]
- DermNettreatments/isotretinoin
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotretinoin&oldid=907857578'
Hulk Hogan in 2005 | |
Born | August 11, 1953 (age 66) Augusta, Georgia, U.S. |
---|---|
Residence | Clearwater, Florida, U.S. Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
Occupation | Professional wrestler, actor, television personality, entrepreneur, musician |
Years active | 1976 (musician) 1977–2012 (wrestler) 1982–2015 (actor) |
Spouse(s) | Jennifer McDaniel (m. 2010) |
Children | Brooke Hogan Nick Hogan |
Relatives | Horace Hogan (nephew) |
Ring name(s) | 'Hollywood' Hulk Hogan[1] Hollywood Hogan[2] Hollywood Hulk Hogan[3] Hulk Boulder[4] Hulk Hogan[5] Hulk Machine[3] Mr. America[3] Sterling Golden[6] Terry Boulder[3] The Super Destroyer[3] |
Billed height | 6 ft 7 in (201 cm)[5] |
Billed weight | 302 lb (137 kg)[5] |
Billed from | Hollywood, California (as Hollywood Hogan) Venice Beach, California[5] (as Hulk Hogan) Washington, D.C. (as Mr. America)[7] |
Trained by | Hiro Matsuda[3] |
Debut | August 10, 1977[3] |
Website | HulkHogan.com |
Signature |
Terry Gene Bollea (/bəˈleɪə/, born August 11, 1953), better known by his ring name as Hulk Hogan, is an American retired pro wrestler, actor, television personality, entrepreneur and musician. According to IGN, Hogan is 'the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the 1980s'.[8] He enjoyed considerable mainstream popularity between 1984 and 1993 as a heroic character in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE), which continued during the mid 1990s in World Championship Wrestling (WCW). In 1996, he became a villain, leading the New World Order (nWo) faction.[9] Hogan headlined multiple editions of the premier annual events of the WWF and WCW, WrestleMania and Starrcade; against Sting, he closed the most profitable WCW pay-per-view ever at the 1997 edition of Starrcade.[10] Aside from those promotions, he has notably performed for the American Wrestling Association (AWA), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
Hogan is a thirteen-time world champion: a one-time IWGP Heavyweight Championship in its early version, a six-timeWWF World Heavyweight Champion/WWF Champion (with his last reign being as Undisputed WWF/WWE Champion) and a six-timeWCW World Heavyweight Champion. His first WCW World Heavyweight Championship reign is the longest in history, while his first WWF Championship reign is the third-longest ever (and the longest of the 1980s). Hogan was the first wrestler to win consecutive Royal Rumbles, in 1990 and 1991, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fameclass of 2005, by Sylvester Stallone.
Pro Wrestling Illustrated recognizes Hogan as twelve-time world champion, because it never recognised the IWGP Title as a world championship.[11][12] Instead, WCW recognized that belt as a world title.[13]
During and after wrestling, Hogan had an extensive acting career, beginning with his 1982 antagonist role in Rocky III. He has starred in several movies (including No Holds Barred, Suburban Commando and Mr. Nanny) and three television shows (Thunder in Paradise, Hogan Knows Best and China, IL), as well as in Right Guard commercials and the video game, Hulk Hogan's Main Event. He was also the frontman for The Wrestling Boot Band, whose sole record, Hulk Rules, reached #12 on the BillboardTop Kid Audio chart in 1995.
- 2Professional wrestling career
- 2.5Return to WWF
- 2.7World Championship Wrestling
- 2.15Return to TNA
- 2.16Fourth return to WWE (2014–2015)
- 3Endorsements and business ventures
- 4Other media
- 5Personal life
- 5.1Legal issues
Early life
Terry Eugene Bollea[14] was born in Augusta, Georgia, on August 11, 1953,[3] the son of construction foreman Pietro 'Peter' Bollea (December 6, 1913 – December 18, 2001) and homemaker and dance teacher Ruth V. (née Moody; 1922 – January 1, 2011) Bollea.[15] He is of French, Italian, Panamanian, and Scottish descent. When he was one and a half years old, his family moved to Port Tampa, Florida.[16] As a boy, he was a pitcher in Little League Baseball. He attracted scouts from the New York Yankees and the Cincinnati Reds, but an injury ended his baseball career. He began watching professional wrestling at 16 years old. While in high school, he revered Dusty Rhodes,[17] and he regularly attended cards at the Tampa Sportatorium. It was at one of those wrestling cards where he first turned his attention towards Superstar Billy Graham and looked to him for inspiration;[17] since he first saw Graham on TV,[17] Hogan wanted to match his 'inhuman' look.[17]
Hogan was also a musician, spending a decade playing fretless bass guitar in several Florida-based rock bands.[2] He went on to study at Hillsborough Community College and the University of South Florida. After music gigs began to get in the way of his time in college, Hogan decided to drop out of the University of South Florida before receiving a degree.[18] Eventually, Hogan and two local musicians formed a band called Ruckus in 1976.[19] The band soon became popular in the Tampa Bay region.[19] During his spare time, Hogan worked out at Hector's Gym in the Tampa Bay area, where he began lifting.[20] Many of the wrestlers who were competing in the Florida region visited the bars where Ruckus was performing.[17] Among those attending his performances were Jack and Gerald Brisco,[17] two brothers who wrestled together as a tag team in the Florida region.
Impressed by Hogan's physical stature, the Brisco brothers asked Hiro Matsuda—the man who trained wrestlers working for Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF)—to make him a potential trainee.[21] In 1976, the two brothers asked Hogan to try wrestling. Hogan eventually agreed.[22] At first, however, Mike Graham, the son of CWF promoter Eddie Graham, refused to put Hogan in the ring; according to Hogan, he met Graham while in high school and the two did not get along. However, after Hogan quit Ruckus and started telling people in town that he was going to be a wrestler,[23] Graham finally agreed to accept the Brisco Brothers' request.
Professional wrestling career
Early years (1977–1979)
In mid-1977, after training for more than a year with Matsuda, the Brisco brothers dropped by Matsuda's gym to see Hogan. During this visit, Jack Brisco handed Hogan a pair of wrestling boots and informed him that he was scheduled to wrestle his first match the following week.[24] In his professional wrestling debut, Eddie Graham booked him against Brian Blair in Fort Myers, Florida on August 10, 1977 in CWF.[25][26] A short time later, Bollea donned a mask and assumed the persona of 'The Super Destroyer', a hooded character first played by Don Jardine and subsequently used by other wrestlers.
Hogan eventually could no longer work with Hiro Matsuda, whom he felt was an overbearing trainer, and left CWF. After declining an offer to wrestle for the Kansas City circuit, Hogan took a hiatus from wrestling and managed The Anchor club, a private club in Cocoa Beach, Florida, for a man named Whitey Bridges. Eventually, Whitey and Hogan became close friends, and decided to open a gym together; the gym became known as Whitey and Terry's Olympic gym.[27]
Soon after, Hogan's friend Ed Leslie (later known as Brutus Beefcake) came to Cocoa Beach to help Hogan and Bridges manage both the Anchor Club and the Whitey and Terry's Olympic Gym. On his spare time, he and Leslie worked out in the gym together,[27] and eventually, Beefcake developed a muscular physique; Hogan was impressed by Beefcake's physical stature and became convinced that the two of them should wrestle together as tag team partners. Depressed and yearning to return to wrestling, Hogan called Superstar Billy Graham in 1978 with hopes that Graham could find him a job wrestling outside of Florida; Graham agreed and Hogan soon joined Louie Tillet's Alabama territory. Hogan also convinced Leslie, who had yet to become a wrestler, to come with him and promised to teach him everything he knew about the sport.[28]
In Alabama, Bollea and Leslie wrestled as Terry and Ed Boulder, known as The Boulder Brothers. These early matches as a tag team with the surname Boulder being used by both men prompted a rumor among wrestling fans unaware of the inner workings of the sport that Hogan and Leslie were brothers,[29] as few people actually knew their real names outside of immediate friends, family, and the various promoters the two worked for. After wrestling a show for Continental Wrestling Association (CWA) in Memphis, Jerry Jarrett, the promoter for the CWA, approached Hogan and Leslie and offered them a job in his promotion for $800 a week; this was far more than the $175 a week they would make working for Tillet.[30] Hogan and Leslie accepted this offer and left Tillet's territory.[30]
During his time in Memphis, Hogan appeared on a local talk show, where he sat beside Lou Ferrigno, star of the television series The Incredible Hulk.[31] The host commented on how Hogan, who stood 6 ft 7 in (201 cm) and weighed 295 pounds with 24-inch biceps, actually dwarfed 'The Hulk'. Watching the show backstage, Mary Jarrett noticed that Hogan was actually bigger than Ferrigno, who was well known at the time for having large muscles. As a result, Bollea began performing as Terry 'The Hulk' Boulder[32] and sometimes wrestled as Sterling Golden.[2]
On December 1, 1979, Bollea won his first professional wrestling championship, the NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division), recognized in Alabama and Tennessee, when he defeated Bob Roop in Knoxville, Tennessee. Bollea would drop the title in January 1980 to Bob Armstrong. Bollea briefly wrestled in the Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW) territory from September through December 1979 as Sterling Golden.
World Wrestling Federation (1979–1980)
Later that year, former NWA World Heavyweight Champion Terry Funk introduced Bollea to the company owner/promoter Vincent J. McMahon, who was impressed with his charisma and physical stature. McMahon, who wanted to use an Irish name, gave Bollea the last name Hogan, and also wanted him to dye his hair red. Hogan claims his hair was already beginning to fall out by that time, and he refused to dye it, simply replying, 'I'll be a blond Irish'.[33] Hogan wrestled his first match in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on November 17 defeating Harry Valdez on Championship Wrestling. He made his first appearance at Madison Square Garden, defeating Ted DiBiase after a bearhug. After the match, Hogan thanked DiBiase for putting him over and told him that he 'owed him one', a favor that he would end up repaying during DiBiase's second run with the company in the late 1980s and early 1990s as 'The Million Dollar Man'.[34] McMahon gave Hogan former tag team championTony Altomare as chaperone and guide.[35] At this time, Hogan wrestled Bob Backlund for the WWF Heavyweight Championship,[36] and he started his first big feud with André the Giant, which culminated in a match with André at Shea Stadium in August 1980.[37] During his initial run as a villain in the WWF, Hogan was paired with 'Classy' Freddie Blassie, a wrestler-turned-manager.
New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1980–1985)
In 1980, Hogan began appearing in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) where Japanese wrestling fans nicknamed him 'Ichiban' (which translates to 'Number One'). Hogan first appeared on May 13, 1980, while he was still with the WWF. He occasionally toured the country over the next few years, facing a wide variety of opponents ranging from Tatsumi Fujinami to Abdullah the Butcher. When competing in Japan, Hogan used a vastly different repertoire of wrestling moves, relying on more technical, traditional wrestling holds and maneuvers as opposed to the power-based, brawling style American fans became accustomed to seeing from him. In addition, Hogan used the Axe Bomber, a crooked arm lariat, as his finisher in Japan instead of the running leg drop that has been his standard finisher in America. Hogan still made appearances for the WWF, even unsuccessfully challenging Pedro Morales for the Intercontinental Championship on March 26, 1981.[38] On June 2, 1983, Hogan became the first International Wrestling Grand Prix (IWGP) tournament winner and the first holder of an early version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, defeating Antonio Inoki by knockout in the finals of a ten-man tournament.[39][40] Since then, this championship was defended annually against the winner of the IWGP League of the year until it was replaced by current IWGP Heavyweight Championship, that is defended regularly.[40]
Hogan and Inoki also worked as partners in Japan, winning the MSG Tag League tournament two years in a row: in 1982 and 1983. In 1984, Hogan returned to NJPW to wrestle Inoki to defend the early version of the IWGP title after that Inoki won in the finals of the IWGP League, becoming the new no. 1 contender to the championship.[40] Hogan lost the match and title belt by countout, thanks to interference from Riki Choshu. Hogan also defended his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Seiji Sakaguchi and Fujinami, among others, until ending his tour in Nagoya on June 13 losing to Inoki via count-out in a championship match for the early version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Hogan was the only challenger in the history of that title that didn't win the tournament to become the no. 1 contender to the championship.[41][40]
American Wrestling Association (1981–1983)
After filming his scene for Rocky III against the elder McMahon's wishes, Hogan made his debut in the American Wrestling Association (AWA), owned by Verne Gagne. Hogan started his AWA run as a villain, taking on 'Luscious' Johnny Valiant as his manager. This did not last for long as the AWA fans fell in love with Hogan's presence and Hogan became the top fan favorite of the AWA, battling the Heenan Family and Nick Bockwinkel.[citation needed]
Hogan's turn as a fan favorite came at the end of July 1981, when during a television taping that aired in August, Jerry Blackwell, after suffering a pinfall loss to Brad Rheingans, began beating down Rheingans and easily fighting off anyone who tried to run in for the save; however, Hogan ran in, got the upper hand and ran Blackwell from the ring. Hogan was eventually victorious in his feud with Blackwell and by the end of 1981, gained his first title matches against Bockwinkel.
Return to WWF
Rise of Hulkamania (1983–1984)
Hogan as the WWF World Heavyweight Champion with Brutus Beefcake
After purchasing the company from his father in 1982, Vincent K. McMahon had plans to expand the territory into a nationwide promotion, and he handpicked Hogan to be the company's showpiece attraction due to his charisma and name recognition. Hogan made his return at a television taping in St. Louis, Missouri on December 27, 1983 defeating Bill Dixon.[42]
On the January 7, 1984 episode of Championship Wrestling, Hogan confirmed his fan favorite status for the WWF fans by saving Bob Backlund from a three-way assault by The Wild Samoans.[43] Hogan's turn was explained simply by Backlund: 'He's changed his ways. He's a great man. He's told me he's not gonna have Blassie around'. The storyline shortcut was necessary because less than three weeks later on January 23, Hogan won his first WWF World Heavyweight Championship, pinningThe Iron Sheik (who had Blassie in his corner) in Madison Square Garden.[2][44] The storyline accompanying the victory was that Hogan was a 'last minute' replacement for the Sheik's original opponent Bob Backlund,[5] and became the champion by way of being the first man to escape the camel clutch (the Iron Sheik's finishing move).[45] The backstage story was that then champion Bob Backlund had refused to let Hogan win the title from him, demanding that any wrestler to whom he lost the title have a legitimate wrestling background. As a consequence, The Iron Sheik won the title from Backlund first and then dropped it to Hogan. However, this was mostly made to not make two fan favorites face each other.[citation needed]
Hogan performing his signature Atomic Leg Drop on Mr. McMahon at WrestleMania XIX
Immediately after the title win, commentator Gorilla Monsoon proclaimed: 'Hulkamania is here!'. Hogan frequently referred to his fans as 'Hulkamaniacs' in his interviews and introduced his three 'demandments': training, saying prayers, and eating vitamins. Eventually, a fourth demandment (believing in oneself) was added during his feud with Earthquake in 1990. Hogan's ring gear developed a characteristic yellow-and-red color scheme; his ring entrances involved him ritualistically ripping his shirt off his body, flexing, and listening for audience cheers in an exaggerated manner. The majority of Hogan's matches during this time involved him wrestling heels who had been booked as unstoppable monsters, using a format which became near-routine: Hogan would deliver steady offense, but eventually lose momentum, seemingly nearing defeat. After being hit with his opponent's finishing move, he would then experience a sudden second wind, fighting back while 'feeding' off the energy of the audience, becoming impervious to attack – a process described as 'Hulking up'. His signature maneuvers – pointing at the opponent (which would later be accompanied by a loud 'you!' from the audience), shaking his finger to scold him, three punches, an Irish whip, the big boot and running leg drop – would follow and ensure him a victory. That finishing sequence would occasionally change depending on the storyline and opponent; for instance, with 'giant' wrestlers, the sequence might involve a body slam.
In 1984, similarities between Hogan's character and that of The Incredible Hulk led to a quitclaim deal between Titan Sports, Marvel Comics and himself wherein Marvel obtained the trademarks 'Hulk Hogan', 'Hulkster' and 'Hulkamania' for 20 years, and Titan agreed to no longer refer to him as 'incredible' nor simply 'Hulk' or ever dress him in purple or green. Marvel also subsequently received .9% of reportable gross merchandise revenue associated with Hogan, $100 for each of his matches and 10% of Titan's portion of his other earnings under this name (or 10% of the earnings, if Titan held no interest).[46][47] In 1988's Marvel Comics Presents #45, Hogan was tossed through an arena roof by The Incredible Hulk, because he 'picked the wrong name.'[48]
International renown (1985–1988)
Over the next year, Hogan became the face of professional wrestling as McMahon pushed the WWF into a pop culture enterprise with The Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection on MTV, drawing record houses, pay-per-view buyrates, and television ratings in the process. The centerpiece attraction for the first WrestleMania on March 31, 1985, Hogan teamed with legit friend, TV and movie star Mr. T to defeat his archrival 'Rowdy' Roddy Piper and 'Mr Wonderful' Paul Orndorff when 'Cowboy' Bob Orton, who had been in the corner of Piper and Orndorff, accidentally caused his team's defeat by knocking out Orndorff after he jumped from the top turnbuckle and hit him in the back of the head with his arm cast in a shot meant for Hogan.[2][49] On the first episode of Saturday Night's Main Event, Hogan successfully defended the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Orton in a match that Hogan won by disqualification.[50]
Hogan was named the most requested celebrity of the 1980s for the Make-a-Wish Foundation children's charity. He was featured on the covers of Sports Illustrated (the first and as of 2013, only professional wrestler to do so), TV Guide, and People magazines, while also appearing on The Tonight Show and having his own CBSSaturday morning cartoon titled Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling. Hogan, as the premier WWF icon, headlined seven of the first eight WrestleMania events.[51] He also co-hosted Saturday Night Live on March 30, 1985 during this lucrative run. AT&T reported that the 900 number information line he ran while with the WWF was the single biggest 900 number from 1991 to 1993.[52] Hogan continued to run a 900 number after joining World Championship Wrestling (WCW).[53]
On the October 5, 1985 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event, he successfully defended the title against Nikolai Volkoff in a flag match.[54] He met long-time rival Roddy Piper in a WWF title match at the Wrestling Classicpay-per-view (PPV) event. Hogan retained the title by disqualification after Bob Orton interfered and hit Hogan with his cast.[55] Hogan had many challengers in the way as the new year began. Throughout 1986, Hogan made successful title defenses against challengers such as Terry Funk,[56]Don Muraco,[57]King Kong Bundy (in a steel cage match at WrestleMania 2),[58] Paul Orndorff,[59] and Hercules Hernandez.[60]
In the fall of 1986, Hogan occasionally wrestled in tag team matches with The Machines as Hulk Machine under a mask copied from NJPW's gimmick 'Super Strong Machine'.[3][61] At WrestleMania III in 1987, Hogan was booked to defend the title against André the Giant, who had been the sport's premier star and was pushed as undefeated for the previous fifteen years.[62] A new storyline was introduced in early 1987; Hogan was presented a trophy for being the WWF World Heavyweight Champion for three consecutive years.[63] André the Giant, who was Hogan's good friend, came out to congratulate him.[64] Shortly afterward, André was presented a slightly smaller trophy for being 'undefeated in the WWF for 15 years'.[63] Hogan came out to congratulate André, who walked out in the midst of Hogan's speech. Then, on an edition of Piper's Pit, Hogan was confronted by Bobby 'The Brain' Heenan, who announced that André was his new protégé, and Andre challenged Hogan to a title match at WrestleMania III,[64][65][66][67] where Hogan successfully defended the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against André the Giant. During the match, Hogan hit a body slam on the 520-pound André (which was dubbed 'the bodyslam heard around the world') and won the match after a leg drop.[65][68]
The Mega Powers (1988–1989)
Miss Elizabeth, who managed Hogan as part of The Mega Powers storyline with her husband Randy Savage
Hogan remained WWF World Heavyweight Champion for four years (1,474 days).[69] In front of 33 million viewers, however, Hogan finally lost the title to André on the February 5 episode of The Main Event after a convoluted scam involving 'The Million Dollar Man' Ted DiBiase and Earl Hebner (who assumed the place of his twin brother Dave Hebner, the match's appointed referee).[70] After André delivered a belly to belly suplex on Hogan, Hebner counted the pin while Hogan's left shoulder was clearly off the mat.[5] After the match, André handed the title over to DiBiase to complete their business deal.[70] As a result, the WWF World Heavyweight Championship was vacated for the first time in its 25-year history because then WWF PresidentJack Tunney decreed the championship could not be sold from one wrestler to another.[70] At WrestleMania IV, Hogan participated in a tournament for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship to regain it; he and André were given a bye into quarter-finals, but their match resulted in a double disqualification.[71] Later that night in the main event, Hogan came to ringside to stop André interfering which helped 'Macho Man' Randy Savage defeat Ted DiBiase to win the title.[72]
Together, Hogan, Savage, and manager Miss Elizabeth formed a partnership known as The Mega Powers.[73] After Savage became WWF World Heavyweight Champion at WrestleMania IV, they feuded with The Mega Bucks (André the Giant and Ted DiBiase) and defeated them at the main event of the first SummerSlam.[74] They then went on to feud with Slick'sTwin Towers: Akeem and Big Boss Man.
In mid-1988, Hogan wrestled at house shows in singles competition with his 'War Bonnet', a red and yellow gladiator helmet with a fist-shaped crest. This was notably used to give Bad News Brown his first WWF loss at a Madison Square Garden house show before it was discarded altogether.[75] The War Bonnet gimmick was revisited in the WWE's online comedy series Are You Serious? in 2012.[76]
The Mega Powers began to implode due to Savage's burgeoning jealousy of Hogan and his paranoid suspicions that Hogan and Elizabeth were more than friends. At the Royal Rumble in 1989, Hogan eliminated Savage from the Royal Rumble match while eliminating Bad News Brown, which caused tension, only to be eliminated by The Twin Towers himself.[77] In early 1989, the duo broke up while wrestling The Twin Towers on the February 3 episode of The Main Event, when Savage accidentally collided with Miss Elizabeth during the match, and Hogan took her backstage to receive medical attention, temporarily abandoning Savage, who slapped Hogan and left the ring, where Hogan eventually won the match by himself.[78] After the match, Savage attacked Hogan backstage, which started a feud between the two.[73] Their feud culminated in Hogan beating Savage for his second WWF World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania V.[5][73]
Final WWF Championship reigns (1989–1993)
Hogan making his way to the ring in 1989
Hogan's second run in 1989 lasted a year, during which he defended the title in two matches against Savage in April that he lost both times by countout, before defeating The Big Boss Man in a steel cage match on the April 25 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event, which was aired on May 27. In May on WWF on NESN, Hogan retained the title by losing once again by countout against Savage. This was also the last time the WWF World Heavyweight Championship was referred to as such during a televised title defense, as Hogan's next successful title defense against The Honky Tonk Man on the July 18 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event saw the title being renamed and referred simply as the WWF Championship. Also during Hogan's second reign as champion, he starred in the movie No Holds Barred, which was the inspiration of a feud with Hogan's co-star Tom Lister, Jr., who appeared at wrestling events as his movie character, Zeus (an 'unstoppable monster' who was 'jealous' over Hogan's higher billing and wanted revenge). However, Hogan was easily able to defeat Zeus in a series of matches across the country during late 1989, beginning with a tag team match at SummerSlam, in which Hogan and Brutus Beefcake topped Zeus and Savage.[79] Hogan and Zeus would later meet at the Survivor Series, where the 'Hulkamaniacs' faced the 'Million Dollar Team'; in the early part of the match, Hogan put Zeus over by hitting him with everything to no effect before Zeus then dominated Hogan until Zeus was disqualified by referee Dave Hebner. Hogan and Beefcake then defeated Zeus and Savage in a rematch at the No Holds Barred pay-per-view to end the feud. Hogan also had defeated Savage to retain the WWF Championship in their official WrestleMania rematch on October 10, at United Kingdom-only pay-per-view First WWF UK Event at London Arena.[80][81] During his second reign as the WWF Champion, Hogan won the 1990 Royal Rumble match,[82] before dropping the title to then Intercontinental ChampionThe Ultimate Warrior in a title versus title match at WrestleMania VI on April 1, 1990.[83]
Hogan soon became embroiled in a heated feud with the 468-pound Earthquake, who had crushed Hogan's ribs in a sneak attack on The Brother Love Show in May 1990. On television, announcers explained that Hogan's injuries and his WrestleMania VI loss to Warrior both took such a huge toll on his fighting spirit that he wanted to retire. Viewers were asked to write letters to Hogan and send postcards asking for his return (they got a postcard-sized picture in return, autographed by Hogan, as a 'thank you'). Hogan returned by SummerSlam, and he for several months dominated Earthquake in a series of matches across the country.[84] His defeat of this overwhelmingly large foe caused Hogan to add a fourth demandment – believing in yourself, and he also became known as 'The Immortal' Hulk Hogan. Hogan became the first wrestler to win two Royal Rumble matches in a row,[85] as he won the 1991 Royal Rumble match.[5][82][85] At WrestleMania VII, Hogan stood up for the United States against Sgt. Slaughter, defeating him for his third WWF Championship, and then defeating him again in the rematch at United Kingdom-only pay-per-view UK Rampage at London Arena.[86] In the fall of 1991, Hogan was challenged by Ric Flair, the former NWA World Heavyweight Champion who recently arrived in the WWF. The feud remained unresolved, as Hogan lost the WWF Championship to The Undertaker at Survivor Series,[87] and he won it back at This Tuesday in Texas six days later.[88] Flair had interfered in both matches and due to the resulting controversy, the title was again declared vacant.[89] The WWF Championship was decided at the 1992 Royal Rumble in the Royal Rumble match, but Hogan failed to regain the championship as he was eliminated by friend Sid Justice and in turn caused Sid to be eliminated, leaving Flair the winner and new champion.[90] Hogan and Sid patched things up and teamed together on the February 8 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event against Flair and Undertaker, but during the match Sid abandoned Hogan,[91] starting their feud. At WrestleMania VIII, Hogan defeated Sid via disqualification due to interference by Sid's manager Harvey Wippleman.[92] Hogan was then attacked by Papa Shango and was saved by the returning Ultimate Warrior.[92]
At this time, news sources began to allege that Dr. George Zahorian, a doctor for the Pennsylvania State Athletic Commission, had been selling steroids illegally to wrestlers in general and Hogan in particular. Hogan appeared on an episode of The Arsenio Hall Show to deny the allegations. Due to intense public scrutiny, Hogan took a leave of absence from the company.[93] Hogan returned to the WWF in February 1993, helping out his friend Brutus Beefcake in his feud with Money Inc. (Irwin R. Schyster and 'The Million Dollar Man' Ted DiBiase), and officially renaming themselves The Mega-Maniacs, taking on Money Inc.'s former manager 'The Mouth of the South' Jimmy Hart (a long time friend of Hogan's outside of wrestling) as their manager in what was the first time WWF audiences had seen Hart as a fan favorite.[80] At WrestleMania IX, Hogan and Beefcake took on Money Inc. for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Hogan went into the match sporting a cut above a black eye. The WWF used Hogan's injury in a storyline that had DiBiase allegedly paying a group of thugs in a failed attempt to take Hogan out before WrestleMania.[80][94] Later that night, Hogan won his fifth WWF Championship by pinning Yokozuna only moments after Yokozuna had defeated Bret Hart.[94][95]
At the first annual King of the Ring pay-per-view on June 13, Hogan defended the championship against the former champion Yokozuna in his first title defense since defeating him at WrestleMania IX. Yokozuna kicked out of Hogan's signature leg drop and scored the pinfall win after Hogan was blinded by a fireball shot by a 'Japanese photographer' (actually a disguised Harvey Wippleman). The victorious Yokozuna proceeded to give Hogan a Banzai Drop.[77][96] This was Hogan's last WWF pay-per-view appearance until 2002, as both he and Jimmy Hart were preparing to leave the promotion. Hogan continued his feud on the international house show circuit with Yokozuna until August 1993. After that, Hogan sat out the rest of his contract which expired later that year.
Return to NJPW (1993–1994)
On May 3, 1993, Hogan returned to NJPW as WWF Champion and defeated IWGP Heavyweight Champion The Great Muta in a dream match at Wrestling Dontaku. Hogan wrestled against Muta again, this time under his real name (Keiji Mutoh), on September 26, 1993. Hogan also wrestled The Hell Raisers with Muta and Masahiro Chono as his tag team partners. His last match in Japan was on January 4, 1994 at Battlefield, when he defeated Tatsumi Fujinami.[97]
World Championship Wrestling
World Heavyweight Champion (1994–1996)
In June 1994, Hogan signed with Ted Turner's World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in a ceremony that was held at Disney's MGM Studios.[98] He began appearing on television the next month, when he won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in his debut match, defeating Ric Flair in a 'dream match' at Bash at the Beach.[99] Hogan continued his feud with Flair (who defeated him by countout on the Clash of the Champions XXVIII, thus Hogain retained the title), which culminated in a steel cage match (with Flair's career on the line and Mr. T as the special guest referee) that Hogan won. After Hogan headlined WCW's premier annual event Starrcade (Starrcade: Triple Threat) in December 1994 by defeating The Butcher for the title, his next feud was against Vader, who challenged him for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at SuperBrawl V, where Hogan won by disqualification after the returning Flair's interference. Hogan then defeated Vader (who was managed part-time by Flair) in a non-title leather strap match at Uncensored. Because of the controversial ending caused once again by Flair at Uncensored, Hogan's feud with Vader culminated in a steel cage match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Bash at the Beach, where Hogan won by escpaing the cage. After successfully retaining the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against Big Bubba Rogers and Lex Luger in two separate matches on Nitro in September 1995.[100] On WCW Nitro (October 9, 1995 nitro 06 )was Hogan's first appearance in the all black . Hogan feuded with The Dungeon of Doom, which led to a WarGames match at Fall Brawl where Hogan's team (Lex Luger, Randy Savage, and Sting) won.[101] Hogan's fifteen-month title reign (which is the longest WCW World Heavyweight Championship reign in the title history at 469 days) ended when he dropped the title to The Giant at Halloween Havoc via disqualification.[102]
Following the controversial loss (which was due to a 'contract clause'), the WCW World Heavyweight Championship became vacant and a new champion to be crowned in a 60-man three-ring battle royal at World War III, where The Giant cost Hogan the title.[103] This led to a steel cage match between Hogan and The Giant at SuperBrawl VI, where Hogan won to end their feud.[104] In early 1996, Hogan reformed The Mega Powers with Randy Savage to feud with The Alliance to End Hulkamania, which culminated at Uncensored in a Doomsday Cage match that Hogan and Savage won.[105] After coming out victorious from his feuds, Hogan began to only appear occasionally on WCW programming.
New World Order (1996–1999)
Hogan during his time with the nWo
At Bash at the Beach in 1996, during a six-man tag team match pitting The Outsiders (Kevin Nash and Scott Hall) against WCW loyalists, Hogan interfered on behalf of Nash and Hall, attacking Randy Savage, thereby becoming a villainous character for the first time in nearly fifteen years.[106] After the match, Hogan delivered a promo, accosting the fans and WCW for under-appreciating his talent and drawing power, and announcing the formation of the New World Order (nWo).[106] The new stable gained prominence in the following weeks and months.[2][5][106][107] Hogan grew a beard alongside his famous mustache and dyed it black, traded his red and yellow garb in for black and white clothing, often detailed with lightning bolts, and renamed himself 'Hollywood' Hulk Hogan (often shortened to Hollywood Hogan).[3][77] Hogan won his second WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Hog Wild defeating The Giant for the title.[107][108] He spray painted 'nWo' across the title belt, scribbled across the nameplate, and referred to the title as the 'nWo title'.[108] Hogan then started a feud with Lex Luger after Luger and The Giant defeated Hogan and Dennis Rodman in a tag team match at Bash at the Beach.[102]
On the August 4, 1997 episode of Nitro, Hogan lost the title to Luger by submission.[109] Five days later at Road Wild, Hogan defeated Luger to regain the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.[110] Hogan then lost the title to Sting in a match at Starrcade.[111] In the match, WCW's newly contracted Bret Hart accused referee Nick Patrick of fast-counting a victory for Hogan and had the match restarted – with himself as referee.[77] Sting later won by submission.[77] After a rematch the following night on Nitro, where Sting controversially retained the title, the WCW World Heavyweight Championship became vacant.[3] Sting went on to win the vacant title against Hogan at SuperBrawl VIII,[112] and Hogan then developed a rivalry with former friend (and recent nWo recruit) Randy Savage, who had just cost Hogan the title match at SuperBrawl by hitting him with a spray can.[77] The feud culminated in a steel cage match at Uncensored, which ended in a no contest.[113] Savage took the WCW World Heavyweight Championship from Sting at Spring Stampede, while Hogan teamed with Kevin Nash to take on Roddy Piper and The Giant in the first-ever bat match.[114]
![Rheem failed trial for ignition Rheem failed trial for ignition](/uploads/1/2/6/8/126895648/210264342.jpg)
Hogan betrayed Nash by hitting him with the bat and then challenged Savage the following night on Nitro for the world title.[107] In the no disqualification match for Savage's newly won title, Nash entered the ring and hit a powerbomb on Hogan as retribution for the attack the previous night, but Bret Hart interfered moments later and jumped in to attack Savage and preserve the victory for Hogan, who won his fourth WCW World Heavyweight Championship.[115] However, Nash's attack on him signified a split of the nWo into two separate factions – Hogan's became nWo Hollywood and Nash's became nWo Wolfpac – that feuded with each other for the remainder of the year. Hogan defended the title until July of that year, when WCW booked him in a match against newcomer and then WCW United States Heavyweight ChampionGoldberg, who had yet to lose a match in the company. Late in the match, Hogan was distracted by Karl Malone, and Goldberg pinned Hogan to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.[116]
Hogan spent the rest of 1998 wrestling celebrity matches: his second tag team match with Dennis Rodman pitted them against Diamond Dallas Page and Karl Malone at Bash at the Beach,[117] and at Road Wild he and Eric Bischoff lost to Page and Jay Leno thanks to interference from Kevin Eubanks.[118] Hogan also had a critically panned rematch with The Warrior at Halloween Havoc, where his nephew Horace aided his victory.[119]
On the Thanksgiving episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Hogan officially announced his retirement from professional wrestling, as well as his candidacy for President of the United States.[120] Campaign footage aired on Nitro of Hogan and Bischoff holding a press conference, making it appear legitimate. In the long run, however, both announcements were false and merely done as a publicity stunt attempting to draw some of the hype of Jesse Ventura's Minnesota gubernatorial win back to him.[120] After some time off from WCW, Hogan returned on the January 4, 1999, episode of Nitro to challenge Kevin Nash for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship which Hogan won for the fifth time, but many people found the title change to be 'scandalous'.[121] As a result, the warring factions of the nWo reunited into one group, which began feuding with Goldberg and The Four Horsemen.
Final years in WCW (1999–2000)
Hogan lost the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to Ric Flair at Uncensored in a steel cage First Blood match.[3][122] Later, Hogan was severely injured in a Texas tornado match for the world title featuring him, Diamond Dallas Page, Flair, and Sting at Spring Stampede[123] On the July 12 episode of Nitro, Hogan made his return as a fan favorite for the first time in three years and accepted an open challenge from Savage, who had gained the world title at Bash at the Beach the night before in a tag team match by pinning Kevin Nash. Thanks to interference from Nash, Hogan defeated Savage to win his sixth and final WCW World Heavyweight Championship.[124] However, Nash turned on him the next week, and the two began a feud that lasted until Road Wild.
On August 9, 1999, Hogan started the night dressed in the typical black and white, but after a backstage scene with his son came out dressed in the traditional red and yellow for his main event six-man tag team match. Hogan then defeated Nash in a retirement match at Road Wild to retain the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Injuries and frustrations were mounting up however, and he was absent from television from October 1999 to February 2000. In his book Hollywood Hulk Hogan, Bollea said that he was asked to take time off by newly hired head of creative booking Vince Russo and was not told when he would be brought back at the time. Despite some reservations, he agreed to do so. On October 24 at Halloween Havoc, Hogan was to face Sting for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.[125] However, Hogan came to the ring in street clothes, lay down for the pin, and left the ring.[126]
Hogan in 2000
Soon after his return in February 2000, at Bash at the Beach on July 9, Hogan was involved in a controversial work with Vince Russo. Hogan was scheduled to challenge Jeff Jarrett for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.[127] Before the match, there was a backstage dispute between Hogan and Russo; Hogan wanted to take the title, but Russo was going to have Jarrett win, and lose it to Booker T. Russo told Hogan that he was going to have Jarrett lie down for him, simulating a real conflict, although Jarrett was not told it was a work. When the bell rang, Jarrett lay down in the middle of the ring while Russo threw the WCW World Heavyweight Championship belt in the ring and yelled at Hogan from ringside to pin Jarrett. A visibly confused Hogan complied with a foot on Jarrett's chest after getting on the microphone and telling Russo, 'Is this your idea, Russo? That's why this company is in the damn shape it's in, because of bullshit like this!' After winning and being announced as the new WCW World Heavyweight Champion, Hogan immediately took the WCW title belt. Moments later, Russo returned to the ring, angrily proclaiming, 'I can guarantee you that this is the last time you will ever see that piece of shit in a WCW stadium!' This is also when the public discovered, through Russo, the 'creative control' clause that Hogan had, which meant that Hogan was able to control what would happen with his own character and be able to do so without anyone else being able to tell him no. In his Bash at the Beach shoot promo, Russo said that he was arguing with Hogan all day prior to the event in the back because he wanted to use the clause in the Jarrett match, saying, 'That means that, in the middle of this ring, when [Hogan] knew it was bullshit, he beats Jeff Jarrett!'. Since Hogan refused to job to Jarrett, a new WCW World Heavyweight Championship was created, setting the stage for a title match between Booker T and Jarrett later that night.[77]
As a result, Hogan filed a defamation of character lawsuit against Russo soon after,[128] which was eventually dismissed in 2002. Russo claims the whole thing was a work, and Hogan claims that Russo made it a shoot.[129] Eric Bischoff agreed with Hogan's side of the story when he wrote that Hogan winning and leaving with the belt was a work (devised by Bischoff rather than Russo), and that he and Hogan celebrated after the event over the success of the angle, but that Russo coming out to fire Hogan was an unplanned shoot which led to the lawsuit filed by Hogan. It was the last time he was seen in WCW.[3][128]
Post-WCW endeavors (2001)
In the months following the eventual demise of WCW in March 2001, Hogan underwent surgery on his knees in order for him to wrestle again. As a test, Hogan worked a match in Orlando, Florida for the Xcitement Wrestling Federation (XWF) promotion run by his longtime handler Jimmy Hart. Hogan defeated Curt Hennig in this match and felt healthy enough to accept an offer to return to the WWF in February 2002.[3]
Second return to WWF/WWE (2002–2003)
Hogan making his entrance at WrestleMania X8 in March 2002, his first WrestleMania in nine years
At No Way Out in February 2002, Hogan returned to the WWF.[5] Returning as leader of the original nWo with Scott Hall and Kevin Nash, the three got into a confrontation with The Rock[130] and cost Stone Cold Steve Austin a chance at becoming the Undisputed WWF Champion against Chris Jericho in the main event.[130] The nWo feuded with both Austin and The Rock, and Hogan accepted The Rock's challenge to a match at WrestleMania X8, where Hogan asked Hall and Nash not to interfere, wanting to defeat The Rock by himself. Despite the fact that Hogan was supposed to be the villain in the match, the crowd cheered for him heavily. The Rock cleanly won the contest,[131] and befriended Hogan at the end of the bout and helped him fight off Hall and Nash, who were upset by Hogan's conciliatory attitude.[132] After the match, Hogan was a definite fan favorite again, siding with The Rock, though he continued wearing black and white tights for a few weeks after WrestleMania X8 until he resumed wearing his signature red and yellow tights. During this period, the 'Hulk Rules' logo of the 1980s was redone with the text 'Hulk Still Rules', and Hogan also wore the original 'Hulk Rules' attire twelve years earlier, when he headlined WrestleMania VI at the same arena, in the SkyDome. For a time, he was still known as 'Hollywood' Hulk Hogan, notably keeping the Hollywood Hogan style blond mustache with black beard while wearing Hulkamania-like red and yellow tights and using the 'Voodoo Child' entrance theme music he used in WCW. On April 4, Hogan feuded with Triple H and defeated him for the Undisputed WWF Championship and sixth and final WWF Championship at Backlash,[133][134] thus becoming the last ever WWF Champion before the initials dispute against the World Wildlife Fund For Nature.
On May 19 at Judgment Day, Hogan lost the title to The Undertaker.[135] After losing a number one contender match for the WWE Undisputed Championship to Triple H on June 6, Hogan began feuding with Kurt Angle resulting in a match between the two at the King of the Ring, which Angle won by submission. On the July 4 episode of SmackDown!, Hogan teamed with Edge to defeat Billy and Chuck and capture the WWE Tag Team Championship for the first time.[136] They celebrated by waving the American flag as the overjoyed audience sang along to Hogan's theme song 'Real American'. They later dropped the titles to The Un-Americans (Christian and Lance Storm), at Vengeance.[137] In August 2002, Hogan was used in an angle with Brock Lesnar, culminating in a main event singles match, which Lesnar won by submission (the match was called after Hogan became unconscious from a bear hug hold). Lesnar became only the second WWE wrestler to defeat Hogan by submission (after Kurt Angle), and the first to defeat Hogan by having the match called. Following the match, Lesnar continued to beat on Hogan, leaving him bloody and unconscious in the ring.
As a result of Lesnar's assault, Hogan went on hiatus and was not able to return until early 2003, shaving off his black beard and dropping 'Hollywood' from his name in his return.[citation needed] Hogan battled The Rock (who had turned villainous) once again at No Way Out[138] and defeated Mr. McMahon at WrestleMania XIX in a match billed as 'twenty years in the making'.[139] After WrestleMania XIX, he had a run as the masked Mr. America, who was supposed to be Hogan in disguise, wearing a mask. He used Hogan's 'Real American' as entrance theme and all of Hogan's signature gestures, moves, and phrases. He was the subject of a storyline that took place after Hogan was forced by Mr. McMahon to sit out the rest of his contract.[3] A WWE pre-debut push took place with mysterious Mr. America promos airing for weeks during SmackDown!.[3] There was also on-screen discussion on SmackDown! between then General ManagerStephanie McMahon and other players concerning her hiring Mr. America 'sight unseen'.[3] On May 1, Mr. America debuted on SmackDown! on a Piper's Pit segment. McMahon appeared and claimed that Mr. America was Hogan in disguise; Mr. America shot back by saying, 'I am not Hulk Hogan, brother!' (lampooning Hogan's use of 'brother' in his promos).[3] The feud continued through the month of May, with a singles match between Mr. America and Hogan's old rival Roddy Piper at Judgment Day.[140]
Mr. America's last WWE appearance was on the June 26 episode of SmackDown! when Big Show and The World's Greatest Tag Team (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) defeated Brock Lesnar, Kurt Angle, and Mr. America in a six-man tag team match.[141] After the show went off the air, Mr. America unmasked to show the fans that he was indeed Hogan, putting his finger to his lips telling the fans to keep quiet about his secret. The next week, Hogan quit WWE due to frustration with the creative team.[142] On the July 3 episode of SmackDown!, McMahon showed the footage of Mr. America unmasking as Hogan and 'fired' him, although Hogan had already quit in real life.[142] It was later revealed that Hogan was unhappy with the payoffs for his matches after his comeback under the Mr. America gimmick.[142] McMahon decided to terminate Hogan's contract and Hogan left WWE in 2003.[142]
Second return to NJPW (2003)
Hogan returned to NJPW in October 2003, when he defeated Masahiro Chono at Ultimate Crush II in the Tokyo Dome.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003)
Shortly after Hogan left WWE, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) began making overtures to Hogan, culminating in Jeff Jarrett, co-founder of TNA and then NWA World Heavyweight Champion, launching an on-air attack on Hogan in Japan in October 2003. The attack was supposed to be a precursor to Hogan battling Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at TNA's first three-hour pay-per-view. However, due to recurring knee and hip problems, Hogan did not appear in TNA. Still, the incident has been shown several times on TNA broadcasts, and was included in the TNA DVD TNA's Fifty Greatest Moments.
Third return to WWE (2005–2007)
Hogan making his entrance at SummerSlam in 2005
On April 2, 2005, Hogan was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fameclass of 2005 by actor and friend Sylvester Stallone.[143] At WrestleMania 21 on April 3, Hogan came out to rescue Eugene, who was being attacked by Muhammad Hassan and Khosrow Daivari. The build-up to Hogan's Hall of Fame induction and preparation for his WrestleMania angle was shown on the first season of Hogan Knows Best. The next night on Raw, Hassan and Daivari came out to confront and assault fan favorite Shawn Michaels. The following week on Raw, Michaels approached Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff demanding a handicap match with Hassan and Daivari. Bischoff refused, but told Michaels if he found a partner he would be granted a tag team match. Michaels then made a plea for Hogan to team with him. On the April 18 episode of Raw, Hassan again led an attack on Michaels until Hogan appeared, saving Michaels and accepting his offer. At Backlash, Hassan and Daivari lost to Hogan and Michaels.[144]
Hogan then appeared on July 4 episode of Raw, as the special guest of Carlito on his talk-show segment Carlito's Cabana. After being asked questions by Carlito concerning his daughter Brooke, Hogan attacked Carlito. Kurt Angle then also appeared, making comments about Brooke, which further upset Hogan, who was eventually double teamed by Carlito and Angle, but was saved by Shawn Michaels. Later that night, Michaels and Hogan defeated Carlito and Angle in a tag team match; during the post-match celebration, Michaels performed the Sweet Chin Music on Hogan and walked off.[145] The following week on Raw, Michaels appeared on Piper's Pit and challenged Hogan to face him one-on-one for the first time.[146] Hogan appeared on Raw one week later and accepted the challenge.[147] The match took place at SummerSlam, which Hogan won. After the match, Michaels extended his hand to him, telling him that he 'had to find out for himself', and Hogan and Michaels shook hands as Michaels left the ring to allow Hogan to celebrate with the crowd.[148]
Prior to WrestleMania 22 in April 2006, Hogan inducted friend and former announcer 'Mean' Gene Okerlund into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2006. Hogan returned on the July 15 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event with his daughter Brooke. During the show, Randy Ortonkayfabe flirted with Brooke and later attacked Hogan in the parking lot.[149] He later challenged Hogan to a match at SummerSlam, which Hogan won.[150]
Memphis Wrestling (2007–2008)
Hogan facing Ric Flair on the Hulkamania Tour
After a brief fall out with McMahon and WWE,[151] Hogan was lured to Memphis Wrestling with the proposal of wrestling Jerry Lawler.[152] The match had been promoted on Memphis Wrestling Prime Time for several months. On April 12, 2007, however, Lawler announced in a news conference that WWE had barred him from wrestling Hogan on the basis that NBC performers (including Lawler, on the basis of co-hosting the NBC-owned USA Network's Raw and his appearances on the biannual WWE's Saturday Night's Main Event) are contractually prohibited from appearing on VH1, the channel on which Hogan Knows Best airs.[152] The situation resulted in a lawsuit being filed against WWE by event promoter Corey Maclin.[153] Lawler was replaced with Paul Wight.[152] Hogan defeated Wight at Memphis Wrestling's PMG Clash of Legends on April 27, 2007 when he picked up and hit a body slam on Wight before pinned him following his signature running leg drop.
Hulkamania: Let the Battle Begin (2009)
Hogan during a match against Ric Flair in 2009
On November 21, 24, 26 and 28, Hogan performed with a group of wrestlers including Spartan-3000, Heidenreich, Eugene, Brutus 'The Barber' Beefcake and Orlando Jordan across Australia in a tour titled Hulkamania: Let the Battle Begin. The main event of each show was a rematch between Hogan and Ric Flair – the wrestler who defeated Hogan more times than any other. Hogan defeated Flair in all four matches.[154][155]
Return to TNA
Dixie Carter's business partner (2009–2010)
On October 27, 2009, it was announced that Hogan had signed a contract to join TNA on a full-time basis.[156] The footage of his signing and the press conference at Madison Square Garden following it were featured on the October 29 episode of Impact!.[157]
On December 5, 2009, Hogan announced on Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)'s The Ultimate Fighter that he would be making his official TNA debut on January 4, 2010, in a special live three-hour Monday night episode of Impact! to compete with WWE's Raw (which featured the return of Bret Hart).[158]Dixie Carter revealed Hogan's role in the company in an interview with The UK Sun stating when his job came to question, 'He is involved with everything from looking at the talent to how we shoot the show'.[159]
On the January 4 episode of Impact!, Hogan debuted, reuniting briefly with former nWo partners Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, and Sean Waltman, the latter two of whom made their returns to the company. He, however, refused to join them for a full-fledged reunion of their group claiming, 'it's a different time', and stuck to his business relations with Bischoff, who made his appearance to declare that, the two of them would 'flip the company upside down' and everyone would have to earn their spot. Hogan also encountered TNA founder Jeff Jarrett on the broadcast, appearing via video wall and interrupting Jarrett's company success speech, stating that Carter was instrumental to the company's survival, and that just like the rest, Jarrett would have to (kayfabe) earn his spot in TNA.[160]
On the February 18 episode of Impact!, Hogan took Abyss under his wing, and during this sequence, gave him his Hall of Fame ring and claimed it would make him a 'god of wrestling'.[161] Hogan made his in-ring return on March 8, teaming with Abyss to defeat A.J. Styles and Ric Flair when Abyss scored a pinfall over Styles.[162] Afterwards, the returning Jeff Hardy saved Hogan and Abyss from a beat down at the hands of Styles, Flair and Desmond Wolfe.[162] The storyline became a Team Flair versus Team Hogan situation, with Jarrett and the debuting Rob Van Dam joining Team Hogan and Beer Money (James Storm and Robert Roode) and Sting joining Team Flair. At Lockdown, Team Hogan (Hulk Hogan, Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Jeff Hardy and Rob Van Dam) defeated Team Flair (Ric Flair, Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm) in a Lethal Lockdown match.[163]
Immortal (2010–2012)
Hogan in July 2010
On the June 17 episode of Impact!, Hogan's alliance with Abyss came to an abrupt end when Abyss became a villain.[164] Abyss later claimed that he was controlled by some entity, that was coming to TNA.[165] The next month, Hogan worked with Bischoff, Jeff Jarrett and Samoa Joe against Sting and Kevin Nash, who claimed that they knew that Hogan and Bischoff were up to something.[166] During this time, Abyss went on a rampage, attacking Rob Van Dam to the point that he was forced to vacate the TNA World Heavyweight Championship and eventually put his hands on TNA president Dixie Carter, which led to her signing the paperwork, presented by Bischoff, that would have Abyss fired from TNA following his match with Van Dam at Bound for Glory.[167][168][169] Hogan was set to wrestle with Jarrett and Joe against Sting, Nash and D'Angelo Dinero at Bound for Glory, but was forced to miss the event due to a back surgery. However, he would make an appearance at the end of the event, turning villain for the first time since 2002, helping Jeff Hardy win the vacant TNA World Heavyweight Championship and aligning himself with Hardy, Bischoff, Abyss and Jarrett.[170] On the following episode of Impact!, it was revealed that Bischoff had tricked Carter and the paperwork she had signed a week earlier, were not to release Abyss, but to turn the company over to him and Hogan. Meanwhile, Bischoff's and Hogan's new stable, now known as Immortal, formed an alliance with Ric Flair's Fortune.[171] Dixie Carter returned on the November 25 episode of Reaction, informing Hogan and Bischoff that a judge had filed an injunction against the two on her behalf over not having signatory authority, indefinitely suspending Hogan from TNA.[172] During his absence, Hogan underwent a potentially career–ending spinal fusion surgery on December 21, 2010.[173][174]
Hogan returned to TNA on the March 3, 2011 episode of Impact!, declaring himself as the new owner of TNA, having won the court battle against Dixie Carter.[175] In April, he began hinting at a possible return to the ring to face the TNA World Heavyweight Champion, Sting.[176] On the May 12 episode of the newly renamed Impact Wrestling, Hogan lost control of the program to Mick Foley, who revealed himself as the Network consultant who had been causing problems for Immortal ever since Hogan and Bischoff took over the company; however, this angle was cut short just three weeks later, when Foley left the promotion.[177][178] During the following months, Hogan continued to interfere in Sting's matches, costing him the TNA World Heavyweight Championship first at Hardcore Justice, recruiting Kurt Angle to Immortal in the process, on the September 1 episode of Impact Wrestling and finally at No Surrender.[179][180][181] On the September 15 episode of Impact Wrestling, Sting defeated Immortal member Ric Flair to earn the right to face Hogan at Bound for Glory.[182][183] On October 4, it was reported that Hogan had signed a contract extension with TNA.[184] After feigning retirement from professional wrestling, Hogan accepted the match at Bound for Glory on the October 6 episode of Impact Wrestling, while also agreeing to hand TNA back to Dixie Carter, should Sting win the match.[185]
Hogan was defeated by Sting at Bound For Glory, ending his storyline as the president of TNA. After the match, Immortal attacked Sting, but Hogan turned into a fan favorite once again by turning on Immortal and helping Sting.[186] On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Hogan, wearing his trademark yellow and red again, admitted to his mistakes, and put over Sting for winning.[187]
Feud with Aces & Eights (2012–2013)
On January 26, 2012, Hogan returned to the ring at a house show in Nottingham, England, where he, James Storm and Sting defeated Bobby Roode, Bully Ray and Kurt Angle in a six-man tag team main event.[188] Hogan returned to Impact Wrestling on February 2, when he was revealed as Garett Bischoff's trainer.[189] On the March 29 episode of Impact Wrestling, Hogan returned and accepted Sting's offer to replace him as the new General Manager.[190]
Collector Search Failed Trial Edition Expired Vitamins List
In July, Hogan, alongside Sting, began feuding with a mysterious group of masked men, who had dubbed themselves the 'Aces & Eights'.[191] The group's attack on Hogan on the July 12 episode of Impact Wrestling was used to write Hogan off television as he was set to undergo another back surgery.[192]
In November, Hogan moved into a storyline with Bully Ray after Austin Aries revealed a secret relationship between Ray and Hogan's daughter Brooke.[193][194] After seeing them kissing in a parking garage on the December 20 episode of Impact Wrestling,[195] Hogan suspended Ray indefinitely.[196] The following week on Impact Wrestling, after Ray saved Brooke from a kidnapping by the Aces & Eights, Brooke accepted his marriage proposal.[197] Despite Hogan's disapproval, he still walked Brooke down the aisle for her wedding on the next episode of Impact Wrestling, during which Ray's groomsmen Taz interrupted and revealed himself as a member of the Aces & Eights, leading the group to attack Hogan, Ray, and the rest of the groomsmen.[198]
On the January 31 episode of Impact Wrestling, Hogan reinstated Ray so he could take on the Aces & Eights.[199][200] Hogan named Ray the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship on the February 21 episode of Impact Wrestling.[201] However, at Lockdown, Ray betrayed Hogan, after Aces & Eights helped him win the title, and he revealed himself as the President of the Aces & Eights.[202] Following Lockdown, Hogan blamed Sting for Ray winning the title as it was Sting who encouraged Hogan to give Ray the title shot.[203][204][205] Sting returned and saved Hogan from an attack by Aces & Eights on the April 25 episode of Impact Wrestling.[206] The following week on Impact Wrestling, Hogan and Sting managed to reconcile their differences.[207] On the October 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, Hogan refused an offer from Dixie Carter to become her business partner and quit; this was done to officially write Hogan off, as a result of his contract expiring with TNA.[208]
Fourth return to WWE (2014–2015)
Hogan on Raw in 2014
On February 24, 2014 on Raw, Hogan made his first WWE in-ring appearance since December 2007 to hype the WWE Network.[209] On the March 24 episode of Raw, Hogan came out to introduce the guest appearances of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Joe Manganiello; this was to promote the guests' new movie Sabotage.[210]
Hogan (left) along Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock at WrestleMania XXX in April 2014
At WrestleMania XXX in March, Hogan served as the host, coming out at the start of the show to hype up the crowd. During his promo, he mistakenly referred to the Superdome, the venue the event was being held at, as the Silverdome, which became the subject of jokes throughout the night.[211] Hogan was later joined by Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock, and they finished their promo by drinking beer together in the ring. Later in the show, Hogan shared a moment with Mr. T, Paul Orndorff and Roddy Piper, with whom he main evented the first WrestleMania.
On February 27, 2015, Hogan was honored at Madison Square Garden during a WWE live event dubbed 'Hulk Hogan Appreciation Night' with a special commemorative banner hanging from the rafters, honoring his wrestling career and historic matches he had in the arena.[212]
On the March 23 episode of Raw, Hogan along with Snoop Dogg confronted Curtis Axel – who at the time had been 'borrowing' Hogan's Hulkamania gimmick with Axel referring to himself as 'AxelMania'. On March 28, the night before WrestleMania, Hogan posthumously inducted longtime partner and rival 'Macho Man' Randy Savage into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2015. The next night at WrestleMania 31, Hogan reunited with Hall and Nash to reform the nWo, appearing in Sting's corner in his match against Triple H, who himself was joined by D-Generation X members Billy Gunn, X-Pac, Road Dogg, and Shawn Michaels.
Scandal and departure
Eight years ago I used offensive language during a conversation. It was unacceptable for me to have used that offensive language; there is no excuse for it; and I apologize for having done it.
—Hogan's response in People to the revelation of his previous comments[213]
On July 24, 2015, WWE terminated their contract with Hogan, stating that they are 'committed to embracing and celebrating individuals from all backgrounds',[214] although Hogan's lawyer said Hogan chose to resign.[213] A day prior, WWE removed almost all references to Hogan from their website, including his listing as a judge for Tough Enough, his merchandise from WWE Shop, and his entry from its WWE Hall of Fame page. His DLC appearance from WWE 2K15 was taken down from sale, and his character was cut from then upcoming WWE 2K16 game during development.[215][216] The termination coincided with the publication by the National Enquirer and Radar Online of an anti-black rant made by Hogan on his controversial leaked sex tape in which he is heard expressing disgust with the notion of his daughter with any black man, referenced by repeated use of the racial slur 'nigger'.[217][218] Hogan also admitted to being 'a racist, to a point'.[218]
Once the recordings went public erupting in a media scandal, Hogan apologized for the remarks, which he said is 'language that is offensive and inconsistent with [his] own beliefs'.[213] Three black wrestlers who worked in the WWF and WCW with Hogan made supportive comments. Virgil commented 'Hogan has never given me a reason to believe he is a racist'[219] while Dennis Rodman said he 'most certainly is not a racist'[220] and Kamala added 'I do not think Hogan meant harm by saying that. Hogan is my brother until he decides not to be'.[221] Black wrestlers working in the WWE made different comments. Mark Henry said he was pleased by WWE's 'no tolerance approach to racism' response, and that he was hurt and offended by Hogan's manner and tone.[222] Booker T said he was shocked and called the statements unfortunate.[223]
In response to the controversy, Mattel stopped producing Hogan action figures, while Hogan's merchandise was taken down from online stores of Target, Toys 'R' Us, and Walmart.[224] On July 28, Radar Online reported that Hogan had also used homophobic slurs on the leaked sex tape.[225] Days later, it was reported that Hogan had used racist language in a 2008 call to his then-imprisoned son, Nick, and also said that he hoped they would not be reincarnated as black males.[226]
Hogan gave an interview with ABC on August 31 in which he pleaded forgiveness for his racist comments, attributing these to a racial bias inherited from his neighborhood while growing up.[227] Hogan claimed that the term 'nigger' was used liberally among friends in Tampa; however, former neighbors have disputed this claim.[228]
In the time that followed, numerous African-Americans expressed some level of support for Hogan including: The Rock[229], Dennis Rodman[230], Booker T[231], Kamala, [232], Virgil [233], Mark Henry[234], Big E[235], and D'Angelo Dinero, who stressed his forgiveness of Hogan, whom he saw as having made a 'positive mark on humanity' for over three decades.[236]
Fifth return to WWE (2018–present)
On July 15, 2018, Hogan was reinstated into the WWE Hall of Fame.[237] Later that same night, he was invited backstage to WWE's Extreme Rules pay-per-view event and was briefly mentioned on the event's kickoff show. Hogan made his on-screen return on November 2, 2018, as the host of Crown Jewel.[238] Hogan next appeared on the January 7, 2019 episode of Raw to present a tribute to his longtime friend and colleague Mean Gene Okerlund, who had died five days prior. It was the first time Hogan had appeared in a WWE ring in North America since his 2015 firing. Hogan subsequently appeared on a WWE Network special where he spoke further of his relationship with Okerlund.
Hogan inducted his Mega-Maniacs tag team partner and longtime friend Brutus Beefcake into the WWE Hall of Fame on April 6, 2019. The following night at WrestleMania 35, he made a surprise appearance at the beginning of the show alongside WrestleMania host Alexa Bliss, welcoming fans to the event and parodying his gaffe from WrestleMania XXX, when he incorrectly referred to the Superdome as the Silverdome. On the June 17, 2019 Raw, WWE aired a Hogan interview about the U.S. Women's World Cup soccer team. [239] On the July 22, 2019 Raw, Hogan appeared as part of the 'Raw Reunion' special. Hogan was one of the speakers during the 'Toast to Raw' segment along with Steve Austin.
Endorsements and business ventures
Food industry
The ring for Hulkamania, the tour promoted by Hogan
Hogan created and financed a restaurant called Pastamania located in the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota.[240] It opened on the Labor Day weekend of 1995 and was heavily promoted on World Championship Wrestling's live show Monday Nitro. The restaurant, which remained in operation for less than a year, featured such dishes as 'Hulk-U's' and 'Hulk-A-Roos'.[240]
In interviews on The Tonight Show and Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Bollea claimed that the George Foreman Grill was originally offered to him, but he failed to respond in time, so Foreman endorsed the grill instead. Instead, Bollea endorsed a blender, known as the Hulk Hogan Thunder Mixer. He has since endorsed a grill known as 'The Hulk Hogan Ultimate Grill'.
In 2006, Bollea unveiled his own energy drink Hogan Energy, distributed by Socko Energy.[241] His name and likeness are also applied to a line of microwavable hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and chicken sandwiches sold at Wal-Mart called 'Hulkster Burgers'.[242] On November 1, 2011, Bollea launched a new website called Hogan Nutrition, which features many nutritional and dietary products.[243]
On New Year's Eve 2012, Bollea opened a beachfront restaurant called 'Hogan's Beach', located in the Tampa area.[244][245] The restaurant dropped Hogan's name in October 2015.[246] Hogan later opened Hogan's Hangout in Clearwater Beach. [247]
Finances
In September 2008, Bollea's net worth was revealed to be around $30 million.[248][249][250] In September 2011, Bollea revealed that his lavish lifestyle and divorce had cost him hundreds of millions of dollars and nearly bankrupted him.[251]
Other
In October 2007, Bollea transferred all trademarks referring to himself to his liability company named 'Hogan Holdings Limited'. The trademarks include Hulk Hogan, 'Hollywood' Hulk Hogan, Hulkster, Hogan Knows Grillin, Hulkamania.com, and Hulkapedia.com.[252]
In April 2008, Bollea announced that he would lend his license to video game developer Gameloft to create 'Hulkamania Wrestling' for mobile phones. Hogan stated in a press release that the game would be 'true to [his] experiences in wrestling' and use his classic wrestling moves like the Doublehand Choke Lift and Strong Clothesline.[253] As of 2010, Hogan stars alongside Troy Aikman in commercials for Rent-A-Center.[254] On March 24, 2011, Hogan made a special appearance on American Idol, giving a big surprise to wrestling fans Paul McDonald and James Durbin. On October 15, 2010, Endemol Games UK (a subsidiary of media production group Endemol UK) announced a partnership with Bischoff Hervey Entertainment to produce 'Hulk Hogan's Hulkamania', an online gambling game featuring video footage of Hogan.[255][256]
In October 2013, Bollea partnered with Tech Assets, Inc. to open a web hosting service called 'Hostamania'.[257] To promote the service, a commercial video was released, featuring Hogan parodying Jean-Claude Van Damme's GoDaddy.com commercials and Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking Ball' music video.[258][259] On November 21, 2013, Hulk Hogan and GoDaddy.com appeared together on a live Hangout On Air on Google Plus,[260] where Hulk Hogan had a casual conversation about Hostamania, fans, and business.
Hogan became a distributor for multi-level marketing company ViSalus Sciences after looking for business opportunities outside of wrestling.[261] Hogan supports the American Diabetes Association.[262]
Other media
Acting
The handprints of Hulk Hogan in front of The Great Movie Ride at Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park
Failed Trial Of Labor Icd 10
Hogan's crossover popularity led to several television and movie roles. Early in his career Bollea played the part of Thunderlips in Rocky III (1982). He also appeared in No Holds Barred (1989), before starring in family filmsSuburban Commando (1991), Mr. Nanny (1993), Santa with Muscles (1996), and 3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain (1998).[263] Hogan also appeared in 1992 commercials for Right Guard deodorant. He starred in his own television series, Thunder in Paradise, in 1994. He is the star of The Ultimate Weapon (1997), in which Brutus Beefcake also appears in a cameo.[264]
Bollea also starred in a pair of television movies, originally intended as a pilot for an ongoing series for TNT, produced by Eric Bischoff. The movies, Shadow Warriors: Assault on Devil's Island and Shadow Warriors: Hunt for The Death Merchant, starred Hogan alongside Carl Weathers and Shannon Tweed as a freelance mercenary team. In 1995, he appeared on TBN's Kids Against Crime. Bollea made cameo appearances in Muppets from Space, Gremlins 2: The New Batch (the theatrical cut) and Spy Hard as himself. Hogan also played the role of Zeus in Little Hercules in 3D. Hogan also made two appearances on The A-Team (in 1985 and 1986), along with Roddy Piper. He also appeared on Suddenly Susan in 1999.[265] In 2001, Hogan guest-starred on an episode of Walker, Texas Ranger.
Hogan has become a busy voice actor in recent years making guest voice spots on Robot Chicken and American Dad! and as a main actor in the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim series China, Illinois.
Reality television and hosting
On July 10, 2005, VH1 premiered Hogan Knows Best a reality show which centered around Hogan, his then-wife Linda, and their children Brooke and Nick.[266] In July 2008, a spin-off entitled Brooke Knows Best premiered, which focused primarily on Hogan's daughter Brooke.[267]
Bollea hosted the comeback series of American Gladiators on NBC in 2008.[268] He also hosted and judged the short-lived reality show, Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling.[269] Hogan had a special titled Finding Hulk Hogan on A&E on November 17, 2010.[270]
In 2015, Hogan was a judge on the sixth season of Tough Enough, alongside Paige and Daniel Bryan,[271] but due to the scandal, he was replaced by The Miz after episode 5.
Music and radio
Bollea released a music CD, Hulk Rules, as Hulk Hogan and The Wrestling Boot Band. Also, Green Jellÿ released a single, a duet with Hogan, performing Gary Glitter's classic song 'I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am)'. He has also made cameos in several music videos. From her self-named show, Dolly the music video for Dolly Parton's wrestling-themed love song 'Headlock on my Heart' features Hogan as 'Starlight Starbright'. In the music video 'Pressure' by Belly ft. Ginuwine, Bollea and his daughter Brooke both made brief cameo appearances.
Bollea was a regular guest on Bubba the Love Sponge's radio show. He also served as the best man at Bubba's January 2007 wedding.[272] On March 12, 2010, Bollea hosted his own radio show, titled Hogan Uncensored, on Sirius Satellite Radio's Howard 101.[273]
Video games
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Bollea provided his voice for the 2011 game Saints Row: The Third as Angel de la Muerte, a member of the Saints.[274] In October 2011, he released a video game called Hulk Hogan's Main Event.[275]
Hulk Hogan and Hollywood Hogan are featured in the following licensed wrestling video games:
Year | Title |
---|---|
1987 | MicroLeague Wrestling |
1989 | WWF WrestleMania |
1989 | WWF Superstars |
1990 | WWF WrestleMania Challenge |
1991 | WWF WrestleMania |
1991 | WWF WrestleFest |
1992 | WWF Super WrestleMania |
1992 | WWF European Rampage Tour |
1992 | WWF Superstars 2 |
1992 | WWF WrestleMania: Steel Cage Challenge |
1993 | WWF Royal Rumble* |
1993 | WWF King of the Ring |
1996 | WCW vs. the World |
1997 | WCW vs. nWo: World Tour |
1998 | WCW Nitro |
1998 | WCW/nWo Revenge |
1998 | WCW/nWo Thunder |
1999 | WCW Mayhem |
2000 | WCW Backstage Assault |
2001 | Legends of Wrestling |
2002 | Legends of Wrestling II |
2002 | WWF WrestleMania X8 |
2002 | WWE Road to WrestleMania X8 |
2002 | WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth |
2003 | WWE Crush Hour |
2003 | WWE WrestleMania XIX |
2003 | WWE Raw 2 |
2004 | Showdown: Legends of Wrestling |
2005 | WWE Day of Reckoning 2 |
2005 | WWE SmackDown! vs. RAW 2006 |
2006 | WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 |
2009 | WWE Legends of WrestleMania |
2010 | TNA Impact! Cross the Line^ |
2011 | WWE All Stars |
2011 | TNA Wrestling Impact! |
2013 | WWE 2K14 |
2014 | WWE SuperCard |
2014 | WWE 2K15# |
2015 | WWE Immortals |
2019 | WWE 2K20 |
Featured on game cover
*Hogan was featured in the Sega Genesis version of the game (of which he was also on the cover), but was not in the SNES version
^Hogan was featured in the Nintendo DS version of the game (of which he was also on the cover), but was not in the PSP version
#Hogan was downloadable content and removed after his racial scandal
*Hogan was featured in the Sega Genesis version of the game (of which he was also on the cover), but was not in the SNES version
^Hogan was featured in the Nintendo DS version of the game (of which he was also on the cover), but was not in the PSP version
#Hogan was downloadable content and removed after his racial scandal
Filmography
Hogan in 2015
Year | Film/Show | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1982 | Rocky III | Thunderlips | |
1983 | Bimini Code | Rick, Blond Henchman | Uncredited |
1984 | Goldie and the Bears | Mac McKenna | |
1985 | The A-Team | Himself | 2 episodes: ('Body Slam', 'The Trouble with Harry') |
1989 | No Holds Barred | Rip Thomas | |
1990 | Gremlins 2: The New Batch | Himself | |
1991 | Suburban Commando | Shep Ramsey | |
1993 | Mr. Nanny | Sean Armstrong | |
1993 | Thunder in Paradise | Randolph J. Hurricane Spencer | Direct-to-video |
1994 | Thunder in Paradise | TV series | |
1995 | Space Ghost Coast to Coast | Himself | Episode: 'Sleeper' |
1996 | Baywatch | Himself | Episode: 'Bash at the Beach' |
The Secret Agent Club | Ray Chase | ||
Spy Hard | Steele's other Tag-Team Member | Cameo | |
Santa with Muscles | Blake | ||
1997 | The Ultimate Weapon | Cutter | |
Assault on Devil's Island | Mike McBride | ||
1998 | McCinsey's Island | Joe McGrai | |
3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain | Dave Dragon | ||
1999 | Assault on Death Mountain | Mike McBride | |
Muppets from Space | Himself | ||
2001 | Walker, Texas Ranger | Boomer Knight | 1 episode: ('Division Street') |
2009 | Little Hercules | Zeus | |
2011 | Gnomeo & Juliet | Terrafirminator V.O. | |
Saints Row: The Third | Angel de la Muerte | Video game | |
2011–2015 | China, IL | The Dean | Main cast |
2012 | American Dad! | Himself | 1 episode: ('Stanny Tendergrass') |
2014 | The '80s Called | Himself | RadioShack commercial for Super Bowl XLVIII[276] |
Personal life
Hulk Hogan in Toronto in 2009
Legal issues
Belzer lawsuit
On March 27, 1985, just days prior to the inaugural WrestleMania, Richard Belzer requested on his cable TV talk show Hot Properties that Hogan demonstrate one of his signature wrestling moves. After consistently refusing but being egged on by Belzer, Hogan put Belzer in a modified Guillotine choke, which caused Belzer to pass out. When Hogan released him, Belzer hit his head on the floor, sustaining a laceration to the scalp that required a brief hospitalization. Belzer sued Hogan for $5 million and later settled out of court. On October 20, 2006, on the Bubba the Love Sponge Show, it was claimed (with Hogan in the studio) that the settlement totaled $5 million, half from Hogan and half from Vince McMahon. During his June 23, 2008, appearance on Sirius Satellite Radio's The Howard Stern Show, Belzer suggested that the real settlement amount was actually closer to $400,000.[277]
Testimony in McMahon trial
In 1994, Hogan, having received immunity from prosecution, testified in the trial of Vince McMahon relating to shipments of steroids received by both parties from WWF physician Dr. George T. Zahorian. Under oath, Hogan admitted that he had used anabolic steroids since 1976 to gain size and weight, but that McMahon had neither sold him the drugs, nor ordered him to take them. The evidence given by Hogan proved extremely costly to the government's case against McMahon. Due to this and jurisdictional issues, McMahon was found not guilty.[278]
Gawker lawsuit
In April 2012, a sex tape between Hogan and Heather Clem, the estranged wife of radio personality Bubba the Love Sponge, emerged online. On October 4, 2012, Gawker released a short clip of the video.[279] In the video, Bubba can be heard saying that the couple can 'do their thing' and he will be in his office. At the end of the video, he can also be heard telling Heather, 'If we ever need to retire, here is our ticket'.[280] Hogan later told Howard Stern on his satellite radio show that, 'it was a bad choice and a very low point' and 'I was with some friends and made a wrong choice. It has devastated me, I have never been this hurt'.[281] On October 15, 2012, Hogan filed a lawsuit against Bubba and Heather Clem for invading his privacy.[282] A settlement with Bubba was announced on October 29, 2012.[283] Afterwards, Clem publicly apologized to Hogan.[284] In December 2012, a federal court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, found that Gawker's publication of the video snippet did not violate U.S. copyright law. Hogan then joined Gawker to the ongoing action against Heather Clem in state court in Florida, alleging invasion of privacy, negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress and seeking $100 million in damages.[285]
On October 1, 2015, the New York Post reported that a Florida Judge granted Hogan access to Gawker's computer system for a forensic expert to search Gawker's computers and office.[286]
Hogan sued Gawker for $100 million for defamation, loss of privacy, and emotional pain,[287] and on March 18, 2016, was awarded $115 million.[288][289] Also, on August 11, 2016, a Florida judge gave Hogan control of the assets of A.J. Daulerio, former Gawker editor-in-chief, who was involved in the posting of Hogan's sex tape.[290]
Silicon Valley billionaire Peter Thiel helped Hogan to finance his lawsuit against Gawker Media.[291]
On November 2, 2016, Gawker reached a $31 million settlement with Bollea.[292]
Family
Linda Hogan
On December 18, 1983, Bollea married Linda Claridge. They have a daughter Brooke (born May 5, 1988) and a son Nick (born July 27, 1990). Bollea made his personal life the centerpiece of the television show Hogan Knows Best, which included his wife and two children.
According to an interview in the National Enquirer, Christiane Plante claimed that Bollea had an affair with her in 2007 while the Hogan family was shooting Hogan Knows Best.[293] Plante was 33 years old at the time and had worked with Brooke Hogan on her 2006 album.[294]
On November 20, 2007, Linda filed for divorce in Pinellas County, Florida.[295] In November 2008, Linda claimed to the public that she made the decision to end her marriage after finding out about Hogan's affair.[296][297] In his 2009 autobiography, Hogan acknowledged that Linda on numerous occasions suspected he was having infidelities whenever he developed friendships with other women,[298] but denied allegations that he ever cheated on her.[298] Bollea only retained around 30% of the couple's liquid assets totaling around $10 million in the divorce settlement.[299] Hogan considered committing suicide after the divorce and credits Laila Ali, his co-star on American Gladiators, with preventing him from doing so.[300]
Bollea has been in a relationship with Jennifer McDaniel since early 2008.[301] The two were engaged in November 2009[301] and married on December 14, 2010, in Clearwater, Florida.[302][303]
Bollea is a Christian. Bollea has spoken about his faith in his life saying, '[I've] leaned on my religion. I was saved when I was 14. I accepted Christ as my savior. He died on the cross and paid for my sins ... I could have went [sic] the wrong way. I could have self-destructed, but I took the high road'.[304]
Health
Bollea has suffered numerous health problems, particularly with his back since retiring as a wrestler following the years of heavyweight training and jolting as a wrestler.[305]
In January 2013, Bollea filed a medical malpractice lawsuit against the Laser Spine Institute for $50 million, citing that the medical firm persuaded him to undergo a half-dozen 'unnecessary and ineffective' spinal operations that worsened his back problems. He claimed that the six procedures he underwent over a period of 19 months only gave him short-term relief. After the procedures failed to cure his back problems, Bollea underwent a traditional spinal fusion surgery in December 2010, which enabled him to return to his professional activities. In addition, the Laser Spine Institute used his name on their advertisements without his permission.[306]
Legacy
On February 20, 2019, it was announced that Chris Hemsworth would portray him in a biopic, directed by Todd Phillips.[307]
Awards and honors
Bollea was honored as the 2008 King of the Krewe of Bacchus, a New Orleans carnival organization.[308][309] Hogan visited the Children's Hospital of New Orleans and rode in the parade where he threw doubloons with his likeness. Hogan received the honor in part because meeting Hogan is one of the most requested 'wishes' of the terminally ill children benefited by the Make-A-Wish Foundation.[309]
Hogan was inducted in the Boys and Girls Club Alumni Hall of Fame on May 3, 2018.[310]
Year | Award | Group | Result | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1988 | Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Male Athlete | Won | |
2006 | Teen Choice Awards | TV – Choice Reality Star (Male) | Nominated | Hogan Knows Best |
Championships and accomplishments
Hogan was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005
- New Japan Pro-Wrestling
- IWGP Heavyweight Championship (original version) (1 time)[40]
- IWGP League Tournament (1983)[3][39]
- MSG Tag League Tournament (1982, 1983) – with Antonio Inoki[311][312]
- Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
- Class of 2003[313]
- Pro Wrestling Illustrated
- Comeback of the Year (1994, 2002)[314]
- Feud of the Year (1986) vs. Paul Orndorff[314]
- Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1983, 1999)[314]
- Match of the Year (1985) with Mr. T vs. Roddy Piper and Paul Orndorff at WrestleMania I[314]
- Match of the Year (1988) vs. André the Giant at The Main Event[314]
- Match of the Year (1990) vs. The Ultimate Warrior at WrestleMania VI[314]
- Match of the Year (2002) vs. The Rock at WrestleMania X8[314]
- Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1996, 1998)[314]
- Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (1985, 1989, 1990)[314]
- Wrestler of the Year (1987, 1991, 1994)[314]
- Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991[315]
- Ranked No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003[316]
- Ranked No. 44 and No. 57 of the top 100 tag teams of the PWI Years with Antonio Inoki and Randy Savage in 2003[317]
- Southeastern Championship Wrestling
- NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time)[3]
- NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Southern Division) (2 times)[318]
- Tokyo Sports
- Best Foreigner Award (1983)[319]
- Match of the Year (1991) vs. Genichiro Tenryu on December 12, 1991[320]
- World Championship Wrestling
- WCW World Heavyweight Championship (6 times)[a][3][321]
- World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment
- WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Edge[3][322]
- WWF/E (Undisputed) World Heavyweight Championship[b] (6 times)[3][323][324]
- Royal Rumble (1990, 1991)[3][82]
- WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)[325]
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter
- Best Babyface (1982–1991)[326]
- Best Box Office Draw (1997)[326]
- Best Gimmick (1996) as a member of New World Order[326]
- Feud of the Year (1986) vs. Paul Orndorff[326]
- Most Charismatic (1985–1987, 1989–1991)[326]
- Most Embarrassing Wrestler (1995, 1996, 1999, 2000)[326]
- Most Obnoxious (1994, 1995)[326]
- Most Overrated (1985–1987, 1994–1998)[326]
- Most Unimproved (1994, 1995)[326]
- Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler (1985, 1986, 1991, 1994–1999)[326]
- Worst Feud of the Year (1991) vs. Sgt. Slaughter[326]
- Worst Feud of the Year (1995) vs. The Dungeon of Doom[326]
- Worst Feud of the Year (1998) vs. The Warrior
- Worst Feud of the Year (2000) vs. Billy Kidman[326]
- Worst on Interviews (1995)[326]
- Worst Wrestler (1997)[326]
- Worst Worked Match of the Year (1987) vs. André the Giant at WrestleMania III[326]
- Worst Worked Match of the Year (1996) with Randy Savage vs. Arn Anderson, Meng, The Barbarian, Ric Flair, Kevin Sullivan, Z-Gangsta, and The Ultimate Solution in a Towers of Doom match at Uncensored[326]
- Worst Worked Match of the Year (1997) vs. Roddy Piper at SuperBrawl VII[326]
- Worst Worked Match of the Year (1998) vs. The Warrior at Halloween Havoc[326]
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)[327]
Notes
- ^During Hogan's runs as champion in 1996–1997 and again in 1998–1999 (ie from his second to his fifth reign as champion), as part of the New World Order (nWo) storyline, the title was spray painted each time with the 'nWo' initials and renamed as the nWo/WCW World Heavyweight Championship, while referred to by nWo members only as the nWo World Heavyweight Championship.
- ^From Hogan's second to his fifth reign, the title was renamed and known simply as the WWF Championship. Hogan's last reign was as Undisputed WWF Champion, but the title was renamed once again as the Undisputed WWE Championship on May 6, 2002 after World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. settled a lawsuit with the World Wildlife Fund, and became simply World Wrestling Entertainment. On May 19, the day he would lose the title, the championship was referred as WWE Undisputed Championship.
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Sources
- Bischoff, Eric (2006). Eric Bischoff: Controversy Creates Cash. Simon and Schuster. ISBN978-1-4165-2729-9.
- Hogan, Hulk (2002). Hollywood Hulk Hogan. Simon and Schuster. ISBN978-0-7434-7556-3.
- Hogan, Hulk; Dagostino, Mark (2009). My Life Outside the Ring. St. Martin's. ISBN978-0-312-58889-2.
- Loverro, Thom (2006). The Rise & Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling. Simon and Schuster. ISBN978-1-4165-1058-1.
- Shields, Brian (2006). Main Event: WWE in the Raging 80s. Simon and Schuster. ISBN978-1-4165-3257-6.
External links
- Hulk Hogan on IMDb
- Hulk Hogan's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hulk_Hogan&oldid=912009342'